Francis M. Martin is Research Director at the French National Institute for Agricultural (INRA) and leader of the INRA-Nancy Center of Exellence in Forestry. Dr. Martin has been researching plant effectors for more than a decade and has carried our research in France, the United States, Canada, and Australia. He has published more than 140 peer-reviewed papers, 17 review papers and 35 book chapters. He is now the lead scientist at the Ecogenomics of Interactions Lab at INRA.

• List of contributors viiForeword xiPreface xiiiSection 1: Structure and phylogeny of mycorrhizal symbioses 11 Origins of the mycorrhizal symbioses 3Christine Strullu‐Derrien Paul Kenrick and Marc‐André Selosse2 Reappraising the origin of mycorrhizas 21William R Rimington, Silvia Pressel, Katie J Field, Christine Strullu‐Derrien, Jeffrey G Duckett, and Martin I Bidartondo3 The structure of arbuscular mycorrhizas: A cell biologist’s view 33Andrea Genre and Paola Bonfante4 Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots 47Raffaella Balestrini and Ingrid Kottke5 Structure and development of orchid mycorrhizas 63John Dearnaley, Silvia Perotto and Marc‐André SelosseSection 2: Cellular genetic and molecular mechanisms in the establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses 876 The evolution of the mycorrhizal lifestyles – a genomic perspective 89Annegret Kohler and Francis Martin7 Strigolactones and lipochitooligosaccharides as molecular communication signals in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 107Clare Gough and Guillaume Bécard8 Calcium signaling and transcriptional regulation in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 125Leonie Luginbuehl and Giles ED Oldroyd9 Signaling pathways driving the development of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 141Yohann Daguerre, Jonathan M Plett, and Claire Veneault‐FourreySection 3: Physiology including carbon and nutrient exchange between symbionts 15910 Carbohydrate metabolism in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 161Uwe Nehls Arpita Das and Dimitri Neb11 Nitrogen acquisition in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 179Rodica Pena12 Phosphorus metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 197Katsuharu Saito and Tatsuhiro Ezawa13 Primary metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Carbon nitrogen and sulfur 217Michael Bitterlich Jan Graefe and Philipp Franken14 The transportome of mycorrhizal systems 239Pierre‐Emmanuel Courty, Joan Doidy, Kevin Garcia Daniel Wipf and Sabine Dagmar Zimmermann15 Soil organic matter decomposition mechanisms in ectomycorrhizal fungi 257Anders Tunlid, Dimitrios Floudas Roger Koide and François Rineau16 Homeostasis of trace elements in mycorrhizal fungi 277Joske Ruytinx, Elena Martino, Piotr Rozpądek, Stefania Daghino, Katarzyna Turnau, Jan Colpaert, and Silvia PerottoSection 4: Population and community ecology and environmental genomics 29917 Molecular identification of fungi 301Leho Tedersoo and R Henrik Nilsson18 Molecular technologies applied to the ecology of ectomycorrhizal communities 323Marc Buée, Erwin Sentausa, and Claude Murat19 The biogeography of ectomycorrhizal fungi – a history of life in the subterranean 341Kabir G Peay and P Brandon Matheny20 Spatial ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities 363Brian J Pickles and Ian C Anderson21 Fungal ecology in boreal forest ecosystems 387Björn D Lindahl and Karina E Clemmensen22 Ecology of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi: What insight have we gained with molecular tools and what’s missing? 405Gwen Grelet, Elena Martino, Ian A Dickie, Rosnida Tajuddin, and Rebekka Artz23 Evolutionary genomics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 421Rohan Riley, Philippe Charron, Timea Marton, and Nicolas Corradi24 Mycorrhiza helper bacteria 437Aurélie Deveau and Jessy Labbé25 Mixotrophy in mycorrhizal plants: Extracting Carbon from mycorrhizal networks 451Marc‐André Selosse, Melissa Faust Bocayuva, Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya, and Pierre‐Emmanuel Courty26 Second‐generation molecular understanding of mycorrhizas in soil ecosystems 473Ian A Dickie and Mark G St JohnIndex 493