Professor E. Krouk has worked in the field of communication theory and techniques for more than 30 years. His areas of interests are coding theory, the mathematical theory of communications and cryptography. He is now the Dean of the Information Systems and Data Protection Faculty of the Saint-Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation. He is author of 3 books, more than 100 scientific articles and 30 international and Russian patents. Sergei Semenov received his Ph.D. degree from St.-Petersburg State University for Airspace Instrumentation (SUAI), Russia in 1993. Dr. Semenov joined Nokia Corporation in 1999 and is currently a Specialist in Modem Algorithm Design/Wireless Modem. His research interests include coding and communication theory and their application to communication systems.

• About the Editors xiList of Contributors xiiiAcknowledgements xvIntroduction xvii1 Channel Models and Reliable Communication 1Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Jussi Poikonen1.1 Principles of Reliable Communication 11.2 AWGN 21.2.1 Baseband Representation of AWGN 21.2.2 From Sample SNR to Eb /N0 51.3 Fading Processes in Wireless Communication Channels 61.3.1 Large-Scale Fading (Path Loss) 71.3.2 Medium-Scale Fading (Shadowing) 101.3.3 Small-Scale Fading (Multipath Propagation) 111.4 Modelling Frequency-Nonselective Fading 141.4.1 Rayleigh and Rice Distributions 141.4.2 Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift 151.4.3 Wide-Sense Stationary Stochastic Processes 151.4.4 Rayleigh and Rice Models for Frequency-Nonselective Fading 151.4.5 SNR in Rayleigh Fading Channels 171.5 WSSUS Models for Frequency-Selective Fading 181.5.1 Basic Principles 181.5.2 Definitions 19References 192 Modulation 21Sergei Semenov2.1 Basic Principles of Bandpass Modulation 212.1.1 The Complex Representation of a Bandpass Signal 222.1.2 Representation of Signal with Basis Functions 272.1.3 Pulse Shaping 312.1.4 Matched Filter 352.2 PSK 382.2.1 BPSK 382.2.2 QPSK 432.2.3 M-PSK 472.2.4 DPSK 482.2.5 OQPSK 502.2.6 π/4-QPSK 512.3 MSK 542.3.1 GMSK 542.4 QAM 602.5 OFDM 66References 813 Block Codes 83Grigorii Kabatiansky, Evgenii Krouk, Andrei Ovchinnikov, and Sergei Semenov3.1 Main Definitions 833.2 Algebraic Structures 863.3 Linear Block Codes 943.4 Cyclic Codes 983.5 Bounds on Minimum Distance 1143.6 Minimum Distance Decoding 1193.7 Information Set Decoding 1203.8 Hamming Codes 1283.9 Reed-Solomon Codes 1313.10 BCH Codes 1333.11 Decoding of BCH Codes 1353.12 Sudan Algorithm and Its Extensions 1393.13 LDPC Codes 1463.13.1 LDPC Constructions 1483.13.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 154References 1574 Convolutional Codes and Turbo-Codes 161Sergei Semenov and Andrey Trofimov4.1 Convolutional Codes Representation and Encoding 1614.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm 1694.2.1 Hard Decision Viterbi Algorithm 1704.2.2 Soft Decision Viterbi Algorithm 1744.3 List Decoding 1784.4 Upper Bound on Bit Error Probability for Viterbi Decoding 1784.5 Sequential Decoding 1834.5.1 Stack Algorithm 1844.5.2 Fano Algorithm 1874.6 Parallel-Concatenated Convolutional Codes and Soft Input Soft Output Decoding 1904.7 SISO Decoding Algorithms 1954.7.1 MAP Algorithm and Its Variants 1954.7.2 Soft-In/Soft-Out Viterbi Algorithm (SOVA) 201References 2054.a Modified Chernoff Bound and Some Applications 206Andrey TrofimovReferences 2195 Equalization 221Sergei Semenov5.1 Equalization with Filtering 2225.1.1 Zero-Forcing Equalization 2265.1.2 MMSE Equalization 2285.1.3 DFE 2335.2 Equalization Based on Sequence Estimation 2395.2.1 MLSE Equalization 2395.2.2 Sphere Detection 2425.3 RAKE Receiver 2515.4 Turbo Equalization 2545.5 Performance Comparison 259References 2616 ARQ 263Evgenii Krouk6.1 Basic ARQ Schemes 2636.1.1 Basic Concepts 2636.1.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ 2656.1.3 ARQ with N Steps Back (Go Back N, GBN) 2676.1.4 ARQ with Selective Repeat (SR) 2686.2 Hybrid ARQ 2696.2.1 Type-I Hybrid ARQ (Chase Combining) 2696.2.2 Type-II Hybrid ARQ (Full IR) 2706.2.3 Type-III Hybrid ARQ (Partial IR) 273References 2757 Coded Modulation 277Andrey Trofimov7.1 Principle of Coded Modulation 2777.1.1 Illustrative Example 2807.2 Modulation Mapping by Signal Set Partitioning 2827.3 Ungerboeck Codes 2857.4 Performance Estimation of TCM System 2877.4.1 Squared Distance Structure of PSK and QAM Constellations 2877.4.2 Upper Bound on Error Event Probability and Bit Error Probability for TCM 289References 2998 MIMO 301Andrei Ovchinnikov and Sergei Semenov8.1 MIMO Channel Model 3018.1.1 Fading in Narrowband Channels 3018.1.2 Fading Countermeasures: Diversity 3038.1.3 MIMO Channel model 3068.2 Space-Time Coding 3108.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining 3108.2.2 Definition of Space-Time Codes 3118.2.3 Space-Time Codes with Two Transmit Antennas 3128.2.4 Construction Criteria for Space-Time Codes 3148.3 Orthogonal Designs 3178.3.1 Real Orthogonal Designs 3178.3.2 Complex Orthogonal Designs 3198.3.3 Decoding of Space-Time Codes 3238.3.4 Error Probability for Orthogonal Space-Time Codes 3268.4 Space-Time Trellis Codes 3278.4.1 Space-Time Trellis Codes 3278.4.2 Space-Time Turbo Trellis Codes 3308.5 Differential Space-Time Codes 3348.6 Spatial Multiplexing 3378.6.1 General Concepts 3378.6.2 V-BLAST 3398.6.3 D-BLAST 3418.6.4 Turbo-BLAST 3428.7 Beamforming 344References 3489 Multiple Access Methods 351Dmitry Osipov, Jarkko Paavola, and Jussi Poikonen9.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 3539.1.1 Spectral Reuse 3559.1.2 OFDMA 3569.1.3 SC-FDMA 3589.1.4 WDMA 3599.2 Time Division Multiple Access 3599.3 Code Division Multiple Access 3609.3.1 Direct-Sequence CDMA 3609.3.2 Frequency-Hopping CDMA 3669.4 Advanced MA Methods 3679.4.1 Multicarrier CDMA 3679.4.2 Random OFDMA 3689.4.3 DHA-FH-CDMA 3699.5 Random Access Multiple Access Methods 3719.6 Conclusions 376References 37610 Standardization in IEEE 802.11, 802.16 381Tuomas Laine, Zexian Li, Andrei Malkov, and Prabodh Varshney10.1 IEEE Overview 38110.2 Standard Development Process 38410.3 IEEE 802.11 Working Group 38510.4 IEEE 802.16 Working Group 38610.5 IEEE 802.11 38810.5.1 Overview and Scope 38810.5.2 Frequency Plan 38810.5.3 Reference Model 38910.5.4 Architecture 39010.5.5 802.11a 39110.5.6 802.11b 39210.5.7 802.11g 39410.5.8 802.11n 39510.5.9 Future Developments 39710.6 IEEE 802.16x 39810.6.1 Key PHY Features of the IEEE 802.16e 39810.6.2 IEEE 802.16m 400References 42811 Standardization in 3GPP 429Asbjørn Grøvlen, Kari Hooli, Matti Jokimies, Kari Pajukoski, Sergei Semenov, and Esa Tiirola11.1 Standardization Process and Organization 42911.1.1 General 42911.1.2 Organization of 3GPP 43011.1.3 Organization of TSG RAN 43011.1.4 Standardization Process 43111.1.5 3GPP Releases 43211.1.6 Frequency Bands and 3GPP Releases 43311.1.7 RAN Specifications 43311.2 3G WCDMA 43311.2.1 WCDMA Concept. Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 43411.2.2 Logical and Transport Channels 43511.2.3 Physical Channels 44011.2.4 Coding, Spreading and Modulation 45911.2.5 Cell Search 47611.2.6 Power Control Procedures 47611.2.7 Handover Procedures 47911.2.8 Transmit Diversity 48611.3 3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 49011.3.1 HSDPA 49011.3.2 HSUPA 53611.3.3 CPC 57411.4 4G LTE 57711.4.1 LTE Downlink 57711.4.2 LTE Uplink 592References 60212 CDMA2000 and Its Evolution 605Andrei Ovchinnikov12.1 Development of 3G CDMA2000 Standard 60512.1.1 IS-95 Family of Standards (cdmaOne) 60512.1.2 IS-2000 Family of Standards 60612.2 Reverse Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 61112.2.1 Reverse Channel Structure 61112.2.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 61212.2.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 61512.2.4 Puncturing 61812.2.5 Block Interleaving 61812.2.6 Orthogonal Modulation and Orthogonal Spreading 61912.2.7 Direct Sequence Spreading and Quadrature Spreading 61912.2.8 Frame Quality Indicator 62212.3 Forward Channel of Physical Layer in CDMA2000 Standard 62312.3.1 Forward Channel Structure 62312.3.2 Forward Error Correction 62512.3.3 Codeword Symbols Repetition 62912.3.4 Puncturing 63012.3.5 Block Interleaving 63012.3.6 Sequence Repetition 63012.3.7 Data Scrambling 63012.3.8 Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal Spreading 63112.3.9 Quadrature Spreading 63112.3.10 Frame Quality Indicator 63112.4 Architecture Model of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 63112.4.1 Structure of Physical Layer Packet 63212.4.2 FCS Computation 63212.5 Access Terminal of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 63312.5.1 Power Control 63312.5.2 Reverse Channel Structure 63312.5.3 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 63412.5.4 Access Channel 63412.5.5 Reverse Traffic Channel 63612.5.6 Encoding 64012.5.7 Channel Interleaving and Repetition 64112.5.8 Quadrature Spreading 64112.6 Access Network of the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard 64312.6.1 Forward Channel Structure 64312.6.2 Modulation Parameters and Transmission Rates 64512.6.3 Pilot Channel 64512.6.4 Forward MAC Channel 64512.6.5 Control Channel 64712.6.6 Forward Traffic Channel 64712.6.7 Time-Division Multiplexing 65112.6.8 Quadrature Spreading 651References 654Index 655

“This is a timely book on wireless communications, with twelve chapters covering theoretical results and material of Standards … The effort dedicated by the authors to bridge technology with standards for sure will be very well appreciated by the readers.”  (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 June 2012)