Edited by Erik S. Reinert, Honorary Professor, UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose (IIPP), University College London, UK and Adjunct Professor of Technology Governance and Development Strategies, TalTech, Estonia and Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, Lecturer, Department of International Development, King's College London, UK

• Contents:Introduction: uneven development ‒ addressing causes versustreating symptoms 1Erik S. Reinert and Ingrid Harvold KvangravenPART I NATURE-MADE VERSUS POLICY-MADESOURCES OF UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT1 Uneven economic development: identifying the blindspots of mainstream economics 19Erik S. Reinert2 Geography, uneven development and population density:attempting a non-ethnocentric approach to development 46Erik S. Reinert, Salah Chafik and Xuan Zhao3 Redirecting growth: inclusive, sustainable and innovation-led 71Mariana Mazzucato and Carlota PerezPART II ASSUMPTIONS, ABSTRACTIONS ANDAPPROACHES TO UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT4 Altered states: Cartesian and Ricardian dreams 108Erik S. Reinert, Monica Di Fiore, Andrea Saltelli andJerome R. Ravetz5 Gender and uneven development 135Lyn Ossome6 Dependency theory: strengths, weaknesses, and itsrelevance today 147Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven7 The need to centre imperialism in studies of uneven development 171Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven8 Imperialism: a note on the unequal treaties of modernChina and Japan 186Xuan ZhaoPART III UNDERSTANDING MECHANISMS THATCREATE AND PREVENT INEQUALITY9 Physiocracy, guillotines and antisemitism? Did economicsemulate the wrong Enlightenment? 200Andrea Saltelli and Erik S. Reinert10 Technological retrogression and persistent poverty 218Sylvi B. EndresenPART IV WHEN NATIONS AND SYSTEMS DECLINEAND COLLAPSE11 When nations collapse: a note on Jacob Bielfeld’s ‘On theDecline of States’ (1760) 238Erik S. Reinert12 Free trade with the former COMECON countries asunequal exchange 255Marta Kuc-Czarnecka, Andrea Saltelli, Magdalena Olczykand Erik S. Reinert13 Escaping the poverty trap in China: the co-evolution ofdiversity in property and economic development 277Ting Xu14 Recent experiences of successful economic policies: thecase of Uzbekistan 304Vladimir PopovPART V FINANCE VERSUS THE REAL ECONOMY15 Uneven development, financialised capitalism and subordination 332Bruno Bonizzi, Annina Kaltenbrunner and Jeff Powell16 Unequal growth and the single currency: the fiscal policy paradox 348Jan KregelPART VI ECOLOGY17 Identifying ecologically unequal exchange in theworld-system: implications for development 367Alf HornborgConclusion: what are the important lessons from history? 389Erik S. Reinert and Ingrid Harvold KvangravenIndex 406

‘In contrast to neo-classical mainstream approaches to economics, this innovative Modern Guide addresses the complex reality of economic development as an inherently uneven process, exploring the ways of theorizing and empirically exploring the mechanisms with which the unevenness manifests itself. It covers a wide array of issues influencing wealth and poverty, technological innovation, ecology and sustainability, financialization, population, gender, and geography, considering the dynamics of cumulative causations created by the interplay between these factors.’