Modelling and Managing Airport Performance

Konstantinos G. Zografos is Chair Professor and Director of Research, at the Department of Management Science, Lancaster University Management School. His areas of teaching and research interest are supply chain management, project management, intermodal terminal operations and airport planning and operations. He consults with industry, has won many awards for his activities within operations research and is a member of the editorial board for several peer review journals. Giovanni Andreatta is Professor of Operations Research in the Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics at the University of Padova. His teaching and research interests lie within operations research, mathematical planning and optimization.Amedeo R. Odoni is Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He has also served as Co-Director of MIT's Operations Research Center, as Co-Director of the FAA's National Center of Excellence in Aviation Education, and as Editor of the scholarly journal Transportation Science. He is the author, co-author or editor of 8 books and about 100 technical papers. Among other distinctions, he is the recipient of the FAA's National Award for Excellence in Aviation Education, the INFORMS Robert F. Herman Award for Lifetime Contributions to Transportation Science and several awards for excellence in teaching. Professor Odoni's recent textbook, Airport Systems: Planning, Design and Management is a standard reference on airport planning and operations.

• List of Contributors xv Series Editor’s Preface xixAcknowledgements xxiList of Abbreviations xxiiiIntroduction xxvii1 Modeling Airport Landside Performance 1Anderson Ribeiro Correia and S. C. Wirasinghe1.1 Motivation for Level of Service Modeling 11.2 Relationship between Measures of Capacity and Level of Service 21.3 Airport Landside Components 31.3.1 Emplaning Curbside 31.3.2 Check-in Counter 51.3.3 Security Screening 71.3.4 Departure Lounge 81.3.5 Baggage Claim 101.4 Methodology for Deriving Quantitative Standards for Individual Components 131.4.1 Introduction 131.4.2 The Method of Successive Categories 131.5 Degree of Importance of Landside Components and Attributes 211.5.1 Introduction 211.5.2 Selection of Components and Attributes 211.5.3 The AHP – Analytical Hierarchy Process 221.5.4 Descriptive Analysis of Passenger Responses 221.5.5 Degrees of Importance of Components and Their Attributes 231.6 Conclusions 25References 252 Decision Support Systems for Integrated Airport Performance Assessment and Capacity Management 27Konstantinos G. Zografos, Giovanni Andreatta, Michel J.A. van Eenige and Michael A. Madas2.1 Introduction and Objectives 272.2 SPADE DSS Description 292.2.1 Basic Modelling Concepts 292.2.2 High-Level Structure 302.2.3 Suite of Use Cases 332.3 SPADE DSS Applications 372.3.1 SPADE DSS Application for Strategic Decision Making 372.3.2 SPADE DSS Application for Operational/Tactical Decision Making 502.4 Conclusions 62Acknowledgements 64Notes 64References 643 Measuring Air Traffic Management (ATM) Delays Related to Airports: A Comparison between the US and Europe 67John Gulding, David A. Knorr, Marc Rose, Philippe Enaud and P. Holger Hegendoerfer3.1 Introduction 673.2 Operations at the Main 34 US and European Airports 683.3 Value of Delay as a Performance Measure 703.3.1 On-Time/Punctuality Measures 723.3.2 Evolution of Scheduled Block Times 743.3.3 Delays by Phase of Flight 743.4 ATM-Related Operational Performance at US and European Airports 763.4.1 Managing En-Route and Arrival Constraints at the Departure Gate 803.4.2 Managing Arrival Constraints within the Last 100 NM 803.4.3 Managing Departure Runway Constraints – A Look at Taxi-Out Delay 853.5 Summary and Conclusion 91Notes 91References 924 Forecasting Airport Delays 95David K. Chin, Alius J. Meilus, Daniel Murphy, and Prabhakar Thyagarajan4.1 Introduction 954.2 Historical Example – JFK Summer 2007 954.3 Delay Forecasting Methodology 974.3.1 Projected Demand 974.3.2 Annual Service Volume Delay Model 994.3.3 NAS-Wide Delay Model 1014.3.4 Results 1104.4 Conclusion 116References 1165 Airport Operational Performance and Its Impact on Airline Cost 119Mark Hansen and Bo Zou5.1 Introduction 1195.2 Quantifying Operational Performance 1215.2.1 Arrival Delay Against Schedule and Schedule Buffer 1215.2.2 Alternative Metrics 1225.3 Estimating the Cost Impact of Imperfect Operational Performance 1235.3.1 Cost Factor Approach 1235.3.2 Aggregate Cost Approach 1365.4 Further Issues 1395.4.1 Cancellations 1395.4.2 Optimal Level of Operational Performance and System Response 1405.5 Conclusions 141Notes 141References 1416 New Methodologies for Airport Environmental Impact Analysis 145Mark Hansen, Megan S. Ryerson, and Richard F. Marchi6.1 Introduction 1456.2 Pollutant Overview 1466.2.1 Noise 1466.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1506.2.3 Water Runoff 1536.2.4 Criteria Air Pollutants 1556.3 The Future of Airport Environmental Impact Analysis 1616.3.1 Environmental Impact Models 1626.3.2 Environmental Impact Policy Models 1646.4 Conclusion 166Acknowledgements 167References 1677 Airport Safety Performance 171Alfred Roelen and Henk A.P. Blom7.1 Introduction 1717.2 Accident Rates in Commercial Aviation 1727.2.1 From Accident Statistics to Accident Rates 1727.2.2 CICTT categories 1757.2.3 Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation versus Other Categories 1757.3 Analysis of Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation Accidents 1777.3.1 Runway Excursions 1777.3.2 Take-off and Landing Categories other than Runway Excursion 1797.3.3 Ground Operation Categories 1817.3.4 Summary of Take-off, Landing and Ground Operation Analysis 1847.4 Analysis of Other CICTT Categories 1867.4.1 Occurrence Rate per Category Grouping 1867.4.2 Airborne Grouping Categories 1887.4.3 Categories in the Weather Group 1917.4.4 Categories in the Aircraft Group 1917.4.5 Categories in the Miscellaneous Group 1947.4.6 Categories in the Non-Aircraft Group 1947.4.7 Summary of the Findings for the Other CICTT Categories 1947.5 Safety Driving Mechanisms 1977.5.1 Technological Developments 1977.5.2 Regulation 1997.5.3 Competition, Reputation and Balancing Objectives 2007.5.4 Professionalism and Safety Culture 2017.6 Safety Initiatives 2027.6.1 Initiatives of the Flight Safety Foundation 2027.6.2 Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) 2037.6.3 European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions 2047.6.4 FAA/Eurocontrol Action Plan 15 on Safety Research and Development 2047.6.5 Impact of Safety Initiatives on Safety Improvements 2057.7 Conclusion 206Acknowledgements 207Notes 208References 2088 Scheduled Delay as an Indicator for Airport Scheduling Performance 211Dennis Klingebiel, Daniel Kösters and Johannes Reichmuth8.1 Introduction 2118.2 Background 2128.2.1 Airport Coordination 2128.2.2 Performance Indicator: Scheduled Delays 2148.2.3 Slot Utilization and Scheduled Delays 2158.3 Definition of a Model to Predict Scheduled Delays 2198.4 Validation of the Model Approach 2218.5 Application of the Model Approach 2258.5.1 Analyzing the Impact of Different Demand Profiles on the Scheduling Performance 2258.5.2 Analyzing the Impact of Declared Capacity Values on the Scheduling Performance 2288.6 Conclusion 231References 2319 Implementation of Airport Demand Management Strategies: A European Perspective 233Michael A. Madas and Konstantinos G. Zografos9.1 Introduction 2339.2 Current Practice 2359.3 Review of Existing Policy Proposals 2379.4 Is a New Regime Really Necessary? 2399.4.1 Mismatch but also Misuse 2409.4.2 Poor Allocation Efficiency 2409.4.3 Declared Capacity Considerations 2419.4.4 Barriers to New Entrants 2419.4.5 Potential Impacts 2429.4.6 Pricing Effectiveness of Existing System 2439.5 From Theory into Policy Practice 2449.6 Improvement Complements to Existing Policy Practice: Directions for Future Research 2529.7 Conclusions 255Notes 256References 25610 Design and Justification for Market-Based Approaches to Airport Congestion Management: The US Experience 259Michael O. Ball, Mark Hansen, Prem Swaroop and Bo Zou10.1 Introduction 25910.2 Background 26010.2.1 Airport Operations and Slot Controls 26010.2.2 Recent Public Policy Initiatives in the US 26310.3 The Fundamental Question: Economic Justification for Slot Controls 26410.4 Other Implications of Slot Controls 27010.5 Design Issues for Slot Controls 27310.5.1 Getting the Slot Level Right 27310.5.2 Small Community Access 27310.5.3 Where Does the Money Go? 27410.5.4 Federal versus Local Control 27410.5.5 Who Can Own Slots? 27510.5.6 International Bilateral Agreements 27510.5.7 Infrastructure Investment Incentives 27510.6 Conclusions 275References 276Index

“Modelling and Managing Airport Performance provides an integrated view of state-of-the-art research on measuring and improving the performance of airport systems with consideration of both airside and landside operations.”  (Expofairs, 1 July 2014)