Joseph Huba is a Head Research Geophysicist of the Space Plasma Physics Division at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA. Huba's primary area of expertise is the stability of collisional and collisionless plasmas. In this regard he has performed a number of linear and nonlinear studies of a variety of kinetic and fluid plasma instabilities using both analytical and numerical techniques. Huba's research interests have included the study of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the nonlinear theory of interchange instabilities, plasma opening switch dynamics, dynamics of the solar atmosphere, wave phenomena in the ionospheres of earth and Venus, and non-ideal MHD dynamics (i.e., Hall MHD). His current research interests are modeling of the earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. Huba has over 150 research publications in these areas. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, the American Physical Society, and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). Huba served as an associate editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research from 1983 to 1986. He was a member of the NSF CEDAR Science Steering Committee (2008-2010) and has served on a number of NSF and NASA panels.

• PrefaceJoseph D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khanzanov viiIntroductionJoseph D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khanzanov 1Section I: Physical ProcessesIonosphere-Thermosphere Physics: Current Status and ProblemsR. W. Schunk 3Physical Characteristics and Modeling of Earth's ThermosphereTim Fuller-Rowell 13Solar Cycle Changes in the Photochemistry of the Ionosphere and ThermosphereP. G. Richards 29Energetics and Composition in the ThermosphereA. G. Burns, W. Wang, S. C. Solomon, and L. Qian 39Section II: Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods in Modeling the IonosphereJ. D. Huba and G. Joyce 49Ionospheric Electrodynamics ModelingA. D. Richmond and A. Maute 57Section III: IT ModelsThe NCAR TIE-GCM: A Community Model of the Coupled Thermosphere/Ionosphere SystemLiying Qian, Alan G. Burns, Barbara A. Emery, Benjamin Foster, Gang Lu, Astrid Maute, Arthur D. Richmond, Raymond G. Roble, Stanley C. Solomon, and Wenbin Wang 73The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model and the Nonhydrostatics ProcessesYue Deng and Aaron J. Ridley 85Traveling Atmospheric Disturbance and Gravity Wave Coupling in the ThermosphereL. C. Gardner and R. W. Schunk 101Air Force Low-Latitude Ionospheric Model in Support of the C/NOFS MissionYi-Jiun Su, John M. Retterer, Ronald G. Caton, Russell A. Stoneback, Robert F. Pfaff, Patrick A. Roddy, and Keith M. Groves 107Long-Term Simulations of the Ionosphere Using SAMI3S. E. Mcdonald, J. L. Lean, J. D. Huba, G. Joyce, J. T. Emmert, and D. P. Drob 119Section IV: Validation of IT ModelsComparative Studies of Theoretical Models in the Equatorial IonosphereTzu-Wei Fang, David Anderson, Tim Fuller-Rowell, Rashid Akmaev, Mihail Codrescu, George Millward, Jan Sojka, Ludger Scherliess, Vince Eccles, John Retterer, Joe Huba, Glenn Joyce, Art Richmond, Astrid Maute, Geoff Crowley, Aaron Ridley, and Geeta Vichare 133Systematic Evaluation of Ionosphere/Thermosphere (IT) Models: CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge (2009–2010)J. S. Shim, M. Kuznetsova, L. Rastätter, D. Bilitza, M. Butala, M. Codrescu, B. A. Emery, B. Foster, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, J. Huba, A. J. Mannucci, X. Pi, A. Ridley, L. Scherliess, R. W. Schunk, J. J. Sojka, P. Stephens, D. C. Thompson, D. Weimer, L. Zhu, D. Anderson, J. L. Chau, and E. Sutton 145Section V: IT Coupling: Above and BelowAspect of Coupling Processes in the Ionosphere and ThermosphereR. A. Heelis 161Use of NOGAPS-ALPHA as a Bottom Boundary for the NCAR/TIEGCMDavid E. Siskind and Douglas P. Drob 171WACCM-X Simulation of Tidal and Planetary Wave Variability in the Upper AtmosphereH.-L. Liu 181Inductive-Dynamic Coupling of the Ionosphere With the Thermosphere and the MagnetosphereP. Song and V. M. Vasyliunas 201Section VI: Equatorial Ionospheric ProcessesIonospheric Irregularities: FrontiersD. L. Hysell, H. C. Aveiro, and J. L. Chau 217Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Equatorial Spread F: Results and Diagnostics in the Peruvian SectorH. C. Aveiro and D. L. Hysell 241Density and Temperature Structure of Equatorial Spread F PlumesJ. Krall and J. D. Huba 251Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere: Decadal Observations From the CHAMP MissionClaudia Stolle and Huixin Liu 259Section VII: Data AssimilationUpper Atmosphere Data Assimilation With an Ensemble Kalman FilterTomoko Matsuo 273Scientific Investigation Using IDA4D and EMPIREG. S. Bust and S. Datta-Barua 283Section VIII: ApplicationsCustomers and Requirements for Ionosphere Products and ServicesRodney Viereck, Joseph Kunches, Mihail Codrescu, and Robert Steenburgh 299Model-Based Inversion of Auroral ProcessesJoshua Semeter and Matthew Zettergren 309AGU Category Index 323Index 325

Joseph Huba is a Head Research Geophysicist of the Space Plasma Physics Division at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA. Huba's primary area of expertise is the stability of collisional and collisionless plasmas. In this regard he has performed a number of linear and nonlinear studies of a variety of kinetic and fluid plasma instabilities using both analytical and numerical techniques. Huba's research interests have included the study of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the nonlinear theory of interchange instabilities, plasma opening switch dynamics, dynamics of the solar atmosphere, wave phenomena in the ionospheres of earth and Venus, and non-ideal MHD dynamics (i.e., Hall MHD). His current research interests are modeling of the earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. Huba has over 150 research publications in these areas. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, the American Physical Society, and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). Huba served as an associate editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research from 1983 to 1986. He was a member of the NSF CEDAR Science Steering Committee (2008-2010) and has served on a number of NSF and NASA panels.

• PrefaceJoseph D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khanzanov viiIntroductionJoseph D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khanzanov 1Section I: Physical ProcessesIonosphere-Thermosphere Physics: Current Status and ProblemsR. W. Schunk 3Physical Characteristics and Modeling of Earth's ThermosphereTim Fuller-Rowell 13Solar Cycle Changes in the Photochemistry of the Ionosphere and ThermosphereP. G. Richards 29Energetics and Composition in the ThermosphereA. G. Burns, W. Wang, S. C. Solomon, and L. Qian 39Section II: Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods in Modeling the IonosphereJ. D. Huba and G. Joyce 49Ionospheric Electrodynamics ModelingA. D. Richmond and A. Maute 57Section III: IT ModelsThe NCAR TIE-GCM: A Community Model of the Coupled Thermosphere/Ionosphere SystemLiying Qian, Alan G. Burns, Barbara A. Emery, Benjamin Foster, Gang Lu, Astrid Maute, Arthur D. Richmond, Raymond G. Roble, Stanley C. Solomon, and Wenbin Wang 73The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model and the Nonhydrostatics ProcessesYue Deng and Aaron J. Ridley 85Traveling Atmospheric Disturbance and Gravity Wave Coupling in the ThermosphereL. C. Gardner and R. W. Schunk 101Air Force Low-Latitude Ionospheric Model in Support of the C/NOFS MissionYi-Jiun Su, John M. Retterer, Ronald G. Caton, Russell A. Stoneback, Robert F. Pfaff, Patrick A. Roddy, and Keith M. Groves 107Long-Term Simulations of the Ionosphere Using SAMI3S. E. Mcdonald, J. L. Lean, J. D. Huba, G. Joyce, J. T. Emmert, and D. P. Drob 119Section IV: Validation of IT ModelsComparative Studies of Theoretical Models in the Equatorial IonosphereTzu-Wei Fang, David Anderson, Tim Fuller-Rowell, Rashid Akmaev, Mihail Codrescu, George Millward, Jan Sojka, Ludger Scherliess, Vince Eccles, John Retterer, Joe Huba, Glenn Joyce, Art Richmond, Astrid Maute, Geoff Crowley, Aaron Ridley, and Geeta Vichare 133Systematic Evaluation of Ionosphere/Thermosphere (IT) Models: CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge (2009–2010)J. S. Shim, M. Kuznetsova, L. Rastätter, D. Bilitza, M. Butala, M. Codrescu, B. A. Emery, B. Foster, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, J. Huba, A. J. Mannucci, X. Pi, A. Ridley, L. Scherliess, R. W. Schunk, J. J. Sojka, P. Stephens, D. C. Thompson, D. Weimer, L. Zhu, D. Anderson, J. L. Chau, and E. Sutton 145Section V: IT Coupling: Above and BelowAspect of Coupling Processes in the Ionosphere and ThermosphereR. A. Heelis 161Use of NOGAPS-ALPHA as a Bottom Boundary for the NCAR/TIEGCMDavid E. Siskind and Douglas P. Drob 171WACCM-X Simulation of Tidal and Planetary Wave Variability in the Upper AtmosphereH.-L. Liu 181Inductive-Dynamic Coupling of the Ionosphere With the Thermosphere and the MagnetosphereP. Song and V. M. Vasyliunas 201Section VI: Equatorial Ionospheric ProcessesIonospheric Irregularities: FrontiersD. L. Hysell, H. C. Aveiro, and J. L. Chau 217Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Equatorial Spread F: Results and Diagnostics in the Peruvian SectorH. C. Aveiro and D. L. Hysell 241Density and Temperature Structure of Equatorial Spread F PlumesJ. Krall and J. D. Huba 251Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere: Decadal Observations From the CHAMP MissionClaudia Stolle and Huixin Liu 259Section VII: Data AssimilationUpper Atmosphere Data Assimilation With an Ensemble Kalman FilterTomoko Matsuo 273Scientific Investigation Using IDA4D and EMPIREG. S. Bust and S. Datta-Barua 283Section VIII: ApplicationsCustomers and Requirements for Ionosphere Products and ServicesRodney Viereck, Joseph Kunches, Mihail Codrescu, and Robert Steenburgh 299Model-Based Inversion of Auroral ProcessesJoshua Semeter and Matthew Zettergren 309AGU Category Index 323Index 325

Joseph Huba is a Head Research Geophysicist of the Space Plasma Physics Division at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., USA. Huba's primary area of expertise is the stability of collisional and collisionless plasmas. In this regard he has performed a number of linear and nonlinear studies of a variety of kinetic and fluid plasma instabilities using both analytical and numerical techniques. Huba's research interests have included the study of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the nonlinear theory of interchange instabilities, plasma opening switch dynamics, dynamics of the solar atmosphere, wave phenomena in the ionospheres of earth and Venus, and non-ideal MHD dynamics (i.e., Hall MHD). His current research interests are modeling of the earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. Huba has over 150 research publications in these areas. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, the American Physical Society, and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). Huba served as an associate editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research from 1983 to 1986. He was a member of the NSF CEDAR Science Steering Committee (2008-2010) and has served on a number of NSF and NASA panels.

• PrefaceJoseph D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khanzanov viiIntroductionJoseph D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khanzanov 1Section I: Physical ProcessesIonosphere-Thermosphere Physics: Current Status and ProblemsR. W. Schunk 3Physical Characteristics and Modeling of Earth's ThermosphereTim Fuller-Rowell 13Solar Cycle Changes in the Photochemistry of the Ionosphere and ThermosphereP. G. Richards 29Energetics and Composition in the ThermosphereA. G. Burns, W. Wang, S. C. Solomon, and L. Qian 39Section II: Numerical MethodsNumerical Methods in Modeling the IonosphereJ. D. Huba and G. Joyce 49Ionospheric Electrodynamics ModelingA. D. Richmond and A. Maute 57Section III: IT ModelsThe NCAR TIE-GCM: A Community Model of the Coupled Thermosphere/Ionosphere SystemLiying Qian, Alan G. Burns, Barbara A. Emery, Benjamin Foster, Gang Lu, Astrid Maute, Arthur D. Richmond, Raymond G. Roble, Stanley C. Solomon, and Wenbin Wang 73The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model and the Nonhydrostatics ProcessesYue Deng and Aaron J. Ridley 85Traveling Atmospheric Disturbance and Gravity Wave Coupling in the ThermosphereL. C. Gardner and R. W. Schunk 101Air Force Low-Latitude Ionospheric Model in Support of the C/NOFS MissionYi-Jiun Su, John M. Retterer, Ronald G. Caton, Russell A. Stoneback, Robert F. Pfaff, Patrick A. Roddy, and Keith M. Groves 107Long-Term Simulations of the Ionosphere Using SAMI3S. E. Mcdonald, J. L. Lean, J. D. Huba, G. Joyce, J. T. Emmert, and D. P. Drob 119Section IV: Validation of IT ModelsComparative Studies of Theoretical Models in the Equatorial IonosphereTzu-Wei Fang, David Anderson, Tim Fuller-Rowell, Rashid Akmaev, Mihail Codrescu, George Millward, Jan Sojka, Ludger Scherliess, Vince Eccles, John Retterer, Joe Huba, Glenn Joyce, Art Richmond, Astrid Maute, Geoff Crowley, Aaron Ridley, and Geeta Vichare 133Systematic Evaluation of Ionosphere/Thermosphere (IT) Models: CEDAR Electrodynamics Thermosphere Ionosphere (ETI) Challenge (2009–2010)J. S. Shim, M. Kuznetsova, L. Rastätter, D. Bilitza, M. Butala, M. Codrescu, B. A. Emery, B. Foster, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, J. Huba, A. J. Mannucci, X. Pi, A. Ridley, L. Scherliess, R. W. Schunk, J. J. Sojka, P. Stephens, D. C. Thompson, D. Weimer, L. Zhu, D. Anderson, J. L. Chau, and E. Sutton 145Section V: IT Coupling: Above and BelowAspect of Coupling Processes in the Ionosphere and ThermosphereR. A. Heelis 161Use of NOGAPS-ALPHA as a Bottom Boundary for the NCAR/TIEGCMDavid E. Siskind and Douglas P. Drob 171WACCM-X Simulation of Tidal and Planetary Wave Variability in the Upper AtmosphereH.-L. Liu 181Inductive-Dynamic Coupling of the Ionosphere With the Thermosphere and the MagnetosphereP. Song and V. M. Vasyliunas 201Section VI: Equatorial Ionospheric ProcessesIonospheric Irregularities: FrontiersD. L. Hysell, H. C. Aveiro, and J. L. Chau 217Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Equatorial Spread F: Results and Diagnostics in the Peruvian SectorH. C. Aveiro and D. L. Hysell 241Density and Temperature Structure of Equatorial Spread F PlumesJ. Krall and J. D. Huba 251Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Thermosphere: Decadal Observations From the CHAMP MissionClaudia Stolle and Huixin Liu 259Section VII: Data AssimilationUpper Atmosphere Data Assimilation With an Ensemble Kalman FilterTomoko Matsuo 273Scientific Investigation Using IDA4D and EMPIREG. S. Bust and S. Datta-Barua 283Section VIII: ApplicationsCustomers and Requirements for Ionosphere Products and ServicesRodney Viereck, Joseph Kunches, Mihail Codrescu, and Robert Steenburgh 299Model-Based Inversion of Auroral ProcessesJoshua Semeter and Matthew Zettergren 309AGU Category Index 323Index 325