Modeling and Optimization of Optical Communication Networks

Chandra Singh is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management. He is pursuing his PhD from VTU Belagavi, India. He has four patents, published over 25 peer-reviewed publications, and is the editor of seven books. Rathishchandra R. Gatti, PhD, is a professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics and Automation at the Sahyadri College of Engineering and Management, India. He has four patents, published more than 40 papers in peer-reviewed journals, and has edited seven books. He is also the editor of one journal, and he has over 20 years of industry experience. K.V.S.S.S.S. SAIRAM, Ph.D, is a professor and head of the Electronics and Communications Engineering Department at NITTE University, India. He has over 23 years of experience in teaching and research, and he has published over 50 papers in scholarly journals, conferences, and workshops. He is a reviewer for several journals, and he has authored three books. Ashish Singh, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer and Communication Engineering at NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, India. He has 13 years of teaching experience and has published more than 50 research papers in scholarly journals and conferences.

• Preface xv1 Investigation on Optical Sensors for Heart Rate Monitoring 1V. Vijeya Kaveri, V. Meenakshi, N. Kousika and A. Pushpalatha1.1 Introduction 21.2 Overview of PPG 21.2.1 PPG Waveform 21.2.2 Photoplethysmography Waveforms Based on the Origin of Optical Concern 21.2.3 Photoplethysmography’s Early on and Modern Records 31.2.4 Building Blocks of Photoplethysmography 41.2.5 Protocol Measurement and Reproducibility 61.3 Clinical Application – Heart Rate Monitoring 71.4 Summary 8References 82 Adopting a Fusion Approach for Optical Amplification 11E. Francy Irudaya Rani, T. Lurthu Pushparaj and E. Fantin Irudaya Raj2.1 Introduction 122.2 The Mechanism Involved 132.3 Types of Amplifier 142.3.1 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 142.3.1.1 Various Phases and Progress of SOA 152.3.2 Fiber Raman Amplifiers 162.3.3 Fiber Brillouin Amplifiers 172.3.4 Doped-Fiber Amplifiers 172.4 Hybrid Optical Amplifiers 192.4.1 EDFA and SOA Hybrid 212.4.2 EDFA and FRA Hybrid 212.4.3 RFA and SOA Hybrid 222.4.4 Combination of EYDWA as well as SOA 232.4.5 EDFA–EYCDFA Hybrid 232.4.6 TDFA Along with RFA Hybrid 232.4.7 EDFA and TDFA Hybrid 232.5 Applications 242.5.1 Telecom Infrastructure Optical Power Amplifier 262.6 Current Scenario 272.7 Discussion 282.8 Conclusions 30References 303 Optical Sensors 35M. Shanthi, R. Niraimathi, V. Chamundeeswari and Mahaboob Subahani Akbarali3.1 Introduction 353.2 Glass Fibers 363.3 Plastic Fibers 373.4 Optical Fiber Sensors Advantages Over Traditional Sensors 373.5 Fiber Optic Sensor Principles 383.6 Classification of Fiber Optic Sensors 383.6.1 Intrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor 393.6.2 Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor 393.6.3 Intensity-Modulated Sensors 403.6.3.1 Intensity Type Fiber Optic Sensor Using Evanescent Wave Coupling 413.6.3.2 Intensity Type Fiber Optic Sensor Using Microbend Sensor 413.6.4 Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors 423.6.4.1 Fiber Optic Gyroscope 433.6.4.2 Fiber-Optic Current Sensor 433.6.5 Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors 433.6.6 Physical Sensor 443.6.6.1 Temperature Sensors 443.6.6.2 Proximity Sensor 453.6.6.3 Depth/Pressure Sensor 453.6.7 Chemical Sensor 453.6.8 Bio-Medical Sensor 463.7 Optical Fiber Sensing Applications 493.7.1 Application in the Medicinal Field 503.7.2 Application in the Agriculture Field 503.7.3 Application in Civil Infrastructure 503.8 Conclusion 51References 514 Defective and Failure Sensor Detection and Removal in a Wireless Sensor Network 53Prasannavenkatesan Theerthagiri4.1 Introduction 534.2 Related Works 554.3 Proposed Detection and Elimination Approach 564.3.1 Scanning Algorithm for Cut Tracking (SCT) 634.3.2 Eliminate Faulty Sensor Algorithm (EFS) 644.4 Results and Discussion 664.5 Performance Evaluation 684.6 Conclusion 70References 715 Optical Fiber and Prime Optical Devices for Optical Communication 75Srividya P.5.1 Introduction 765.2 Optic Fiber Systems Development 775.3 Optical Fiber Transmission Link 775.4 Optical Sources Suited for Optical Fiber Communication 795.5 LED as Optical Source 805.6 Laser as Light Source 845.7 Optical Fiber 865.8 Fiber Materials 895.9 Benefits of Optical Fiber 905.10 Drawbacks of Optical Fiber 905.11 Recent Advancements in Fiber Technology 905.12 Photodetector 925.13 Future of Optical Fiber Communication 955.14 Applications of Optical Fibers in the Industry 965.15 Conclusion 97References 976 Evaluation of Lower Layer Parameters in Body Area Networks 99Abhilash Hedge and Durga Prasad6.1 Introduction 1006.2 Problem Definition 1016.3 Baseline MAC in IEEE 802.15.6 1026.4 Ultra Wideband (UWB) PHY 1036.5 Castalia 1036.5.1 Features 1036.6 Methodology 1056.6.1 Simulation Method in Castalia 1056.6.2 Hardware Methodology 1056.7 Results and Discussion 1066.8 Hardware Setup Using Bluetooth Module 1186.9 Hardware Setup Using ESP 12-E 1186.10 Conclusions 122References 1227 Analyzing a Microstrip Antenna Sensor Design for Achieving Biocompatibity 125Sonam Gour, Abha Sharma and Amit Rathi7.1 Introduction 1257.2 Designing of Biomedical Antenna 1267.3 Sensing Device for Biomedical Application 1287.4 Conclusion 133References 1338 Photonic Crystal Based Routers for All Optical Communication Networks 137T. Sridarshini, Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, V.R. Balaji, A. Manjula, S. Indira Gandhi and A. Sivanantha Raja8.1 Introduction 1388.2 Photonic Crystals 1408.2.1 1D Photonic Crystals 1408.2.2 2D Photonic Crystals 1418.2.3 3D Photonic Crystals 1428.2.4 Photonic Bandgap 1428.2.5 Applications 1448.3 Routers 1458.4 Micro Ring Resonators 1458.5 Optical Routers 1478.5.1 Routers Based on PCRR 1478.5.2 N x N Router Structures 1498.5.2.1 3 x 3 Router 1508.5.2.2 4 x 4 Router 1518.5.2.3 6 x 6 Router 1548.5.3 Routers Based on PC Line Defect 1578.6 Summary 159References 1609 Fiber Optic Communication: Evolution, Technology, Recent Developments, and Future Trends 163Dankan G. Veeranna, M. Nagabushanam, Sridhara S. Boraiah, Ramesha Muniyappa and Devananda S. Narayanappa9.1 Introduction 1649.2 Basic Principles 1679.3 Future Trends in Fiber Optics Communication 1719.4 Advantages 1749.5 Conclusion 176References 17710 Difficulties of Fiber Optic Setup and Maintenance in a Developing Nation 179Dankan G. Veeranna, M. Nagabushanam, Sridhara S. Boraiah, Ramesha Muniyappa and Devananda S. Narayanappa10.1 Introduction 18010.2 Related Works 18110.3 Fiber Optic Cable 18210.3.1 Single-Mode Cable 18210.3.2 Multimode Cable 18310.3.2.1 Step-Index Multimode Fiber 18310.3.2.2 Graded-Index Multimode Fiber 18310.3.3 Deployed Fiber Optics Cable 18410.4 Fiber Optics Cable Deployment Strategies 18410.4.1 Aerial Installation 18410.4.2 Underground Installation 18510.4.2.1 Direct-Buried 18510.4.2.2 Installation in Duct 18510.5 Deployment of Fiber Optics Throughout the World 18610.5.1 Fiber Optics Deployment in India 18710.5.2 Submarine Fiber Optic in India 18710.5.3 Installation of Fiber Optic Cable in the Inland 18810.6 Fiber Deployment Challenges 18810.6.1 Deploying Fiber has a Number of Technical Difficulties 18810.6.2 Right of Way 18910.6.3 Administrative Challenges 18910.6.4 Post-Fiber Deployment Management 19010.6.5 Fiber Optic Cable Deployment and Management Standards and Best Practices 19110.7 Conclusion 191References 19111 Machine Learning-Enabled Flexible Optical Transport Networks 193Sridhar Iyer, Rahul Jashvantbhai Pandya, N. Jeyakkannan and C. Karthik11.1 Introduction 19411.2 Review of SDM-EON Physical Models 19811.2.1 Optical Fibers for SDM-EON 19811.2.2 Switching Techniques for SDM-EON 20011.3 Review of SDM-EON Resource Assignment Techniques 20511.4 Research Challenges in SDM-EONs 20911.5 Conclusion 210References 21112 Role of Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Optical Communication 217P. Gunasekaran, A. Azhagu Jaisudhan Pazhani, A. Rameshbabu and B. Kannan12.1 Introduction 21812.2 Modules of an Optical Communication System 21912.2.1 How a Fiber Optic Communication Works? 22012.2.2 Codes of Fiber Optic Communication System 22012.2.2.1 Dense Light Source 22112.2.2.2 Low Loss Optical Fiber 22112.2.3 Photo Detectors 22312.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) 22312.3.1 Transceivers – Transmitting Data as Light 22412.3.2 Multiplexers Enhancing the Use of Fiber Channels 22512.3.3 Categories of WDM 22512.4 Modulation Formats in WDM Systems 22612.4.1 Optical Modulator 22712.4.1.1 Direct Modulation 22712.4.1.2 External Modulation 22712.4.2 Modulation Formats 22812.4.2.1 Non Return to Zero (NRZ) 22912.4.2.2 Return to Zero (RZ) 23012.4.2.3 Chirped RZ (CRZ) 23112.4.2.4 Carrier Suppressed RZ (CSRZ) 23212.4.2.5 Differential Phase Shift Key (DPSK) 23212.4.3 Uses of Wavelength Division Multiplexing 233References 23313 Optical Ultra-Sensitive Nanoscale Biosensor Design for Water Analysis 235Shaikh Afzal and Manju Devi13.1 Introduction 23613.2 Related Work or Literature Survey 23713.2.1 B. Cereus Spores’ Study for Water Quality 23713.2.2 History Use of Optical Property for Biosensing 23813.2.3 Photonic Crystal 23913.3 Tools and Techniques 24013.3.1 Opti FDTD 24013.3.2 EM Wave Equation 24013.3.3 Optical Ring Resonator 24113.3.4 Output Power Computation 24213.4 Proposed Design 24313.4.1 Circular Resonator PHC Biosensor 24313.4.2 Triangular Structure PHC Biosensor 24413.5 Simulation 24413.6 Result and Analysis 24413.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 248References 24914 A Study on Connected Cars–V2V Communication 251Chandra Singh, Sachin C. N. Shetty, Manjunatha Badiger and Nischitha14.1 Introduction 25114.2 Literature Survey 25214.3 Software Description 25514.4 Methodology 25614.5 Working 25714.6 Advantages and Applications 26314.7 Conclusion and Future Scope 263Future Scope 264References 26415 Broadband Wireless Network Era in Wireless Communication – Routing Theory and Practices 267R. Prabha, G. A. Senthil, S. K. B. Sangeetha, S.U. Suganthi and D. Roopa15.1 Introduction 26815.2 Outline of Broadband Wireless Networking 27015.2.1 Type of Broadband Wireless Networks 27015.2.1.1 Fixed Networks 27015.2.1.2 The Broadband Mobile Wireless Networks 27115.2.2 BWN Network Structure 27215.2.3 Wireless Broadband Applications 27315.2.4 Promising Approaches Beyond BWN 27315.3 Routing Mechanisms 27415.4 Security Issues and Mechanisms in BWN 27615.4.1 DoS Attack 27615.4.2 Distributed Flooding DoS 27715.4.3 Rogue and Selfish Backbone Devices 27715.4.4 Authorization Flooding on Backbone Devices 27715.4.5 Node Deprivation Attack 27815.5 Conclusion 278References 27816 Recent Trends in Optical Communication, Challenges and Opportunities 281S. Kannadhasan and R. Nagarajan16.1 Introduction 28116.2 Optical Fiber Communication 28416.3 Applications of Optical Communication 28616.4 Various Sectors of Optical Communication 29116.5 Conclusion 301References 30217 Photonic Communication Systems and Networks 303Naitik S.T., J.V. Gorabal, Shailesh Shetty, Srinivas P.M. and Girish S.17.1 Introduction 30417.2 History of LiFi 30517.3 LiFi Standards 30617.4 Related Work 30817.5 Methodology 32417.6 Proposed Model 32517.7 Experiment and Results 32617.8 Applications 32617.9 Conclusion 328Acknowledgment 328References 32818 RSA-Based Encryption Approach for Preserving Confidentiality Against Factorization Attacks 331Raghunandan K. R.18.1 Introduction 33118.2 Related Work 33318.3 Mathematical Preliminary 33518.4 Proposed System 33718.5 Performance Analysis 33918.6 Conclusion 345References 34619 Sailfish Optimizer Algorithm (SFO) for Optimized Clustering in Internet of Things (IoT) Related to the Healthcare Industry 349Battina Srinuvasu Kumar, S.G. Santhi and S. Narayana19.1 Introduction 35019.2 Related Works 35119.3 Proposed Method 35219.4 System Model 35319.5 Energy Model 35319.6 Cluster Formation Using SFO 35419.7 Results and Discussion 35719.8 Conclusions 361References 36220 Li-Fi Technology and Its Applications 365Sumiksha Shetty, Smitha A.B. and Roshan Rai20.1 Introduction 36520.2 Technology Portrayal 36720.2.1 Li-Fi Modulation Methods 36720.3 Distinctive Modulation of Li-Fi 36920.4 Antiquity of Improvements and Li-Fi Innovation 37020.5 Li-Fi Technology and Its Advantages 37120.5.1 Free Spectrum 37120.5.2 Efficiency 37120.5.3 Accessibility 37220.5.4 Complexity 37220.5.5 Security 37220.5.6 Safety 37220.5.7 No Fading 37320.5.8 Cost-Effective 37320.6 Confines of Li-Fi Innovation 37320.6.1 Obstructions 37420.6.2 High Path Forfeiture 37420.6.3 Uplink Problems 37420.6.4 NLOS Problems 37420.7 Application of Li-Fi Technology 37520.7.1 Spaces wherein Exploiting of RF would be Controlled 37520.7.1.1 Hospitals 37520.7.1.2 Airplanes 37520.7.1.3 Sensitive Floras 37520.7.2 Traffic Flow Management 37620.7.3 Submerged Applications 37620.7.4 Outdoor Permission to the Cyberspace 37620.7.5 Educational Tenacities 37720.7.6 Amalgamation of Wi-Fi vs. Li-Fi 37720.7.7 Optical Attocell 37720.7.8 Multiple User Permission 378References 37921 Smart Emergency Assistance Using Optics 381Chandra Singh, Sachin C. N. Shetty, Manjunatha Badiger and Nischitha21.1 Introduction 38121.2 Literature Survey 38221.3 Methodology 38521.3.1 Block Diagram Description 38621.3.2 Concept and Overview 38721.4 Design and Implementation 38821.5 Results & Discussion 39321.6 Conclusion 394References 394About the Editors 397Index 399