Model Predictive Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Venkata Yaramasu is currently working as an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering in the School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, USA. He has published more than 50 peer-reviewed technical papers including 22 journal papers, and 10 technical reports for the industry. Dr. Yaramasu worked closely with Rockwell Automation, Toronto Hydro, Hydro One, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Wind Energy Strategic Network and Connect Canada, and completed 8 industrial projects in Power Electronics, Electric Drives and Renewable Energy. Dr. Yaramasu is recipient of over 15 awards for research and teaching excellence.Bin Wu is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University, Canada and is the Senior NSERC/Rockwell Automation Industrial Research Chair in Power Electronics and Electric Drives. Dr. Wu has published more than 350 peer-reviewed technical papers, two Wiley-IEEE Press books, and holds more than 30 issued and pending patents in power electronics, adjustable-speed drives and renewable energy systems. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC), and Canadian Academy of Engineering (CAE). Dr. Wu is a Registered Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario, Canada.

• About the Authors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgments xxiiiAcronyms xxvSymbols xxixPart I Preliminaries1 Basics of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Wind Energy Preliminaries 51.3 Major Components of WECS 161.4 Grid Code Requirements for High-Power WECS 231.5 WECS Commercial Configurations 261.6 Power Electronics in Wind Energy Systems 331.7 Control of Wind Energy Systems 351.8 Finite Control-Set Model Predictive Control 501.9 Classical and Model Predictive Control of WECS 531.10 Concluding Remarks 58References 582 Review of Generator–Converter Configurations for WECS 612.1 Introduction 612.2 Requirements for Power Converters in MW-WECS 632.3 Overview of Power Converters for WECS 642.4 Back-to-Back Connected Power Converters 682.5 Passive Generator-side Power Converters 762.6 Power Converters for Multiphase Generators 802.7 Power Converters without an Intermediate DC Link 852.8 Concluding Remarks 87References 893 Overview of Digital Control Techniques 913.1 Introduction 913.2 The Past, Present, and Future of Control Platforms 933.3 Reference Frame Theory 953.4 Digital Control of Power Conversion Systems 993.5 Classical Control Techniques 1023.6 Advanced Control Techniques 1103.7 Predictive Control Techniques 1123.8 Comparison of Digital Control Techniques 1143.9 Concluding Remarks 115References 1164 Fundamentals of Model Predictive Control 1174.1 Introduction 1174.2 Sampled-Data Model 1194.3 Basics of Model Predictive Control 1204.4 Cost Function Flexibility 1284.5 Weighting Factor Selection 1344.6 Delay Compensation Methods 1374.7 Extrapolation Techniques 1414.8 Selection of Sampling Time 1454.9 Concluding Remarks 146References 146Part II Modeling of Power Converters and Wind Generators5 Modeling of Power Converters for Model Predictive Control 1515.1 Introduction 1515.2 Objectives for the Modeling of Power Converters 1535.3 Notation Employed for the Modeling 1545.4 Two-Level Voltage Source Converter 1565.4.1 Power Circuit 1565.4.2 Operating Modes 1575.4.3 Model of Output AC Voltages 1595.4.4 Model of Input DC Branch Currents 1605.5 Extensions to 2L-VSC Modeling 1615.5.1 Modeling of Multiphase 2L-VSC 1615.5.2 Modeling of BTB 2L-VSC 1615.6 Neutral-Point Clamped Converter 1625.6.1 Power Circuit 1625.6.2 Operating Modes 1635.6.3 Model of Output AC Voltages 1655.6.4 Model of Input DC Branch Currents 1655.7 Extensions to NPC Converter Modeling 1665.7.1 Modeling of Multilevel and Multiphase dcc 1665.7.2 Modeling of BTB NPC Converter 1675.8 Modeling of Other Power Converters 1695.8.1 Three-Level Flying Capacitor Converter 1695.8.2 Current Source Converter 1705.8.3 Direct Matrix Converter 1725.8.4 Indirect Matrix Converter 1735.9 Concluding Remarks 174References 1756 Modeling of Wind Generators for Model Predictive Control 1776.1 Introduction 1776.2 Overview of Wind Generators for Variable-Speed WECS 1796.3 Objectives for the Dynamic Modeling of Wind Generators 1816.4 Notation Employed for the Dynamic Modeling 1826.5 Modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 1846.6 Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 1916.7 Modeling of Induction Generator 1936.8 Simulation of Induction Generator 2016.9 Generator Dynamic Models for Predictive Control 2046.10 Concluding Remarks 205References 2057 Mapping of Continuous-Time Models to Discrete-Time Models 2077.1 Introduction 2077.2 Model Predictive Control of WECS 2097.3 Correlation Between CT and DT Models 2107.4 Overview of Discretization Methods 2137.5 Exact Discretization by ZOH Method 2157.6 Approximate Discretization Methods 2167.7 Quasi-Exact Discretization Methods 2227.8 Comparison of Discretization Methods 2297.9 Offline Calculation of DT Parameters Using MATLAB 2317.10 Concluding Remarks 233References 234Part III Control of Variable-speed WECS8 Control of Grid-side Converters in WECS 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Configuration of GSCs in Type 3 and 4 WECS 2398.3 Design and Control of GSC 2428.4 Modeling of Three-Phase GSC 2478.5 Calculation of Reference Grid-side Variables 2598.6 Predictive Current Control of 2L-VSI in dq-Frame 2628.7 Predictive Current Control of NPC Inverter in αβ-Frame 2708.8 Predictive Power Control of NPC Inverter with Grid-side MPPT 2778.9 Real-Time Implementation of MPC Schemes 2828.10 Concluding Remarks 282References 2839 Control of PMSG WECS with Back-to-Back Connected Converters 2859.1 Introduction 2859.2 Configuration of PMSG WECS with BTB Converters 2879.3 Modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 2899.4 Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 2929.5 Digital Control of BTB Converter-Based PMSG WECS 2949.6 Predictive Current Control of BTB 2L-VSC-Based PMSG WECS 2999.7 Predictive Current Control of BTB-NPC-Converter-Based PMSG Wecs 3089.8 Predictive Torque Control of BTB 2L-VSC-Based PMSG WECS 3189.9 Other MPC Schemes for PMSG WECS 3239.10 Real-Time Implementation of MPC Schemes 3249.11 Concluding Remarks 326References 32710 Control of PMSG WECS with Passive Generator-side Converters 32910.1 Introduction 32910.2 Configuration of PMSG WECS with PGS Converters 33110.3 Modeling of the Two-Level Boost Converter 33410.4 Modeling of the Three-Level Boost Converter 33810.5 Digital Control of PGS Converter-Based PMSG WECS 34310.6 Predictive Current Control of 2L-PGS-Converter-Based PMSG WECS 34610.7 Predictive Current Control of 3L-PGS-Converter-Based PMSG WECS 34910.8 Analysis of PMSG WECS Performance with PGS Converters 35210.9 Other MPC Schemes for PMSG WECS 36210.10 Real-Time Implementation of MPC Schemes 36310.11 Concluding Remarks 365References 36611 Control of SCIG WECS with Voltage Source Converters 36711.1 Introduction 36711.2 Configuration of SCIG WECS with BTB Converters 36911.3 Modeling of Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator 37011.4 Control of Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator 37411.5 Digital Control of BTB Converter-Based SCIG WECS 37811.6 Predictive Current Control of BTB 2L-VSC-Based SCIG WECS 38211.7 Predictive Torque Control of BTB NPC Converter-Based SCIG WECS 39111.8 Real-Time Implementation of MPC Schemes 39811.9 Concluding Remarks 400References 40012 Control of DFIG WECS with Voltage Source Converters 40312.1 Introduction 40312.2 Configuration of DFIG WECS and Power Flow 40512.3 Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator 40712.4 Modeling of Doubly Fed Induction Generator 41112.5 Digital Control of BTB Converter-Based DFIG WECS 41712.6 Indirect Predictive Current Control of DFIG WECS 41912.7 Direct Predictive Current Control of DFIG WECS 43012.8 Concluding Remarks 435References 436Appendix A Turbine and Generator Parameters 437A.1 Notation of Generator Variables 438A.2 Base Values 439A.3 Per-Unit Values 440A.4 Wind Turbine Parameters 444A.5 Three-Phase Grid Parameters 445A.6 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Parameters 446A.7 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator Parameters 450A.8 Doubly Fed Induction Generator Parameters 451Appendix B Chapter Appendices 453B.1 Appendix for Chapter 4 453References 454B.2 Appendix for Chapter 5 455Appendix C MATLAB Demo Projects 461Index 463