Misdiagnosis Casebook in Clinical Medicine

Hassaan Tohid, MBBSCalifornia Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and PsychologyFairfield, CA USA Larry G. Baratta MD, PhDDean of Student AffairsChair & Professor of Integrated Clinical MedicineSt. Martinus University Faculty of MedicineWillemstad, Curacao Howard Maibach, MDUniversity of CaliforniaSan Francisco, CA USA

• Allergy & Immunology.- Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Masquerading as Recurrent Bacterial Pneumonia.- Angioedema Bowel Blockade: The Misdiagnosis of Hereditary Angioedema as a Rare Cause of Small Bowel Obstruction.- Bullous Fixed Drug Eruption Due to Fluconazole Imitating Herpes Simplex.- Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase Type 2 (DADA2) Masquerading as GATA-binding Factor 2 (GATA2) Deficiency.- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Asthma.- Misdiagnosis of Common Variable Immune Deficiency.- Confusion of Cutaneous Reactions - A Misdiagnosis of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome.- The Dish with the Fish: Scombroid Poisoning Misdiagnosed as Food Allergy.- Using Indirect Immunofluorescence in Unveiling Unknown Pemphoids and Avoiding Misdiagnosis.- Cardiology.- Infective Endocarditis Misdiagnosed as Community-Acquired Pneumonia.- Cardiac Amyloidosis Misdiagnosed as Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance.- Metastatic Heart Cancer Misdiagnosed as Acute Myocardial Infarction.- Primary Cardiac Synovial Sarcoma Misdiagnosed as Tuberculoma.- Severe Eccentric Mitral Regurgitation Misdiagnosed as Severe Aortic Stenosis.- Emergency Department.- A Case of Misdiagnosis of Hepatic Encephalopathy.- A Case of Misdiagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis.- Acute Coronary Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Anxiety.- Diabetic Neuropathy Misdiagnosed as Right Lower Limb Injury.- Multiple Sclerosis is Misdiagnosed as Migraine.- Endocrinology.- Addison's Disease along with Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis and Acute Renal Failure Misinterpreted as Peripheral Motor Neuropathy.-Hypopituitarism Secondary to Macroadenoma with Vomiting and Hyponatremia Misdiagnosed as Episodes of Gastritis/Esophagitis.- Hypothyroidism with Nephrotic Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Cardiac Failure.- Adrenal Insufficiency Misdiagnosed as Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion.- Pheochromocytoma Misdiagnosed as COVID-19.- Gastroenterology.- Initial Misdiagnosis of Celiac Disease with Life-Threatening Presentation.- Misdiagnosis of Colorectal Cancer with Emphysematous Epididymo-orchitis as a Camouflage.- Misdiagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Due to Features Similar to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis.- Small Bowel Carcinoma Misdiagnosed as Ileal Crohn's Disease.- Foreign Body Ingestion Misdiagnosed as Irritable Bowel Syndrome.- Gynecology.- Hydatidiform Mole Misdiagnosed as a Threatened Abortion.- Gestational Choriocarcinoma Misdiagnosed as Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy.- Misdiagnosis of Mullerian Agenesis in a Patient with 46, XX Gonadal Dysgenesis.- Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Misdiagnosed as a Case of Pregnancy in Nepal.- A Case of Forgotten Copper T (IUD): Misdiagnosed as a Case of Secondary Sterility Treated with Hormonal Treatment.- Hematology.- Congenital Methemoglobinemia Misdiagnosed as Polycythemia Vera.- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Misdiagnosed as Autoimmune Cytopenia.- Hemoglobin H Disease andVitamin B 12 Deficiency Misdiagnosed as Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.- Hepatoerythropoietic Porphyria Misdiagnosed as Child Abuse.- Hereditary Spherocytosis Misdiagnosed as Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.- Inherited Thrombocytopenia Misdiagnosed as Myelodysplastic Syndrome.- Infectious Diseases.- Hematogenous Disseminated Tuberculosis Misdiagnosed as Metastatic Lung Cancer.- Severe Abdominal Sepsis Misdiagnosed as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.- Syphilitic Uveitis Misdiagnosed as Viral Retinitis.- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Misdiagnosed as Pharyngitis.- Early Lyme Disease Misdiagnosed as Influenza.- Nephrology.- Apolipoprotein C-II Amyloidosis Misdiagnosed as Light Chain Amyloidosis.- Phyllodes Tumor Misdiagnosed as Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy and a Cyst.- Large Calcified Renal Artery Aneurysm Misdiagnosed as Intrapelvic Calculus.- Anastomosing Hemangioma Misdiagnosed as Renal Cell CA.- Urethritis Associated Hematuria Misdiagnosed as C1q Nephropathy.- Primary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of Renal Pelvis Misdiagnosed as Calculus Pyonephrosis.- Kidney Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Misdiagnosed as a Metastatic Malignancy.- Neurology.- Guillain-Barre Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Posterior Circulation Stroke.- Stroke Misdiagnosed As  Benign Positional Paroxysmal Vertigo.- Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis Misdiagnosed as Pyogenic Meningitis.- Cotard Syndrome Misdiagnosed as Major Depressive Disorder.- Oncology.- Colonic Cancer Misdiagnosed As Hemorrhoids.- Malignant Melanoma Misdiagnosed as Diabetic Foot Ulcer.- Multiple Myeloma Misdiagnosed as Rheumatoid Arthritis.- Psychiatry.- Bipolar Disorder Misdiagnosed as Major Depressive Disorder.- Schizoaffective Disorder Bipolar Type Misdiagnosed as Bipolar I with Psychotic Features.- Borderline Personality Disorder Misdiagnosed as Bipolar Disorder.- Generalized Anxiety Disorder Misdiagnosed as Non-Specific Physical Pain.- Pulmonology.- Chronic Beryllium Disease Misdiagnosed as Sarcoidosis.-Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Misdiagnosed as Sputum Negative Tuberculosis.- Rheumatology.- How to Differentiate Chronic Widespread Pain in Order to Reduce Misdiagnosis of Fibromyalgia.- Rheumatoid Arthritis Misdiagnosed as Gout.- Spondyloarthritis: Gender Based Symptomatology in Order to Reduce Misdiagnosis.- Legal.- Legal Consequences of the Misdiagnosed Patient.- An Editor's Perspective.- Strategies to Avoid a Misdiagnosis.