Philippe Fargues is Director of the Migration Policy Centre at the European University Institute Alessandra Venturini is Professor of Political Economy at the University of Turin and Executive Director of CARIM (European-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration at the EUI).

• 1. Introduction6Philippe Fargues and Alessandra Venturini2. The Geography of Highly-Skilled Arab Migration11Anna Di Bartolomeo and Philippe FarguesIntroduction111. A Persisting Divide: Mashrek vs. Maghreb122. Selecting graduates, workers or relatives?17Conclusion5Appendix13. Highly-Skilled Migrants in the Arab Mediterranean: Who, why and what is to be done1Alessandra Venturini and Edlira NarazaniIntroduction11. Many migrant destinations: few highly-skilled migrant destinations21.1 The distribution and numbers of stocks by destination21.2 Stock of education migrants and brain drain in OECD countries62. Over-education and over-occupation of migrants in OECD countries73. The Evolution of Education and of Education Quality24. The effect of highly-skilled migration on the human capital of the origin country4Conclusion84. Highly-Skilled Migration into, through and from the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan Africa11Paul TabarPart I111. The socio-political impact of highly-skilled migration within the context of transnational political practice112. The economic and socio-political contexts of highly-skilled migration123. The socio-political impact of highly-skilled migration on sending societies124. The socio-political impact of highly-skilled migration on receiving countries145. Civil society in receiving countries and the socio-political impact of highly-skilled migration15Part II151. Further comments on this part of the book152. Political motivations for neglecting statistical data on highly-skilled migration165. Highly-skilled Diaspora Knowledge Transfers: TOKTEN in the Arab world21Tamirace FakhouryIntroduction211. Study structure212. Methodology and study limitations223. Highly-skilled diaspora contributions to development224. The TOKTEN approach235. Contextualising TOKTEN in the Arab WORLD246. The TOKTEN programme in Lebanon247. The TOKTEN programme in Palestine258. The TOKTEN programme in Sudan269. Empowering TOKTEN in a transitioning Arab world?27Concluding remarks296. Young and Highly-Skilled: Emigration from Lebanon31Choghig KasparianIntroduction311. The employment market and the emigration of highly-skilled workers322. The characteristics of highly-skilled Lebanese migrants363. Relations between highly-skilled migrants and their country of origin40Conclusion427. Legal and Regulatory Framework of Highly-Skilled Migration: The Case of the Palestinian Authority43Asem KhalilIntroduction431. Defining ‘highly-skilled migration’442. Bilateral and Multilateral Agreements453. An Increasing Palestinian Interest464. Incentives targeting skilled immigrants475. Incentives targeting Palestinians emigrants486. Cooperation with Foreign Academic Institutions507. Temporary and Virtual Return52Conclusion528. Jordan, a land of no return? Highly-skilled migration, before and during the Arab Spring.57Françoise De Bel-AirIntroduction571. Dynamics of skilled emigration from Jordan571.1 Jordanian migrants: stocks and flows581.2. Profile of migrants591.3. Motives for highly-skilled emigration602. Actors and policies: ‘open-door’, brain gain vs. brain drain612.1. Views612.2. Policies623. Skilled emigration as ‘brain strain’: a political calculus643.1.Short-term benefits643.2.Citizenship, elite change and institutional reform for development65Conclusion669. Highly Skilled Migration and Development in Egypt69Nadine SikaIntroduction691. Highly-Skilled Migration: Bane or Boon for Development?692. Egyptian migration to OECD countries and the Gulf702.1. Characteristics of Temporary and Return Migration723. Egyptian Migrants and the Importance of Remittances for the Egyptian Economy734. Highly-Skilled Migration and Government Policy735. Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements746. Immigration in Egyp

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