Microwave and Millimeter-wave Antenna Design for 5G Smartphone Applications

Wonbin Hong, Ph.D., holds the Mueunjae Chair Professorship in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Pohang University of Science and Technology. He obtained his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan in the United States.Chow-Yen Desmond Sim, Ph.D., is Distinguished Professor at Feng Chia University in Taiwan. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, a Consultant for Avary and the Technical Consultant for Securitag Assembly Group.

• About the Authors ixPreface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction 1References 42 Considerations for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave5G Mobile Antenna Design 52.1 Frequency Characteristics and Channel Models 62.2 5G Network Architecture 122.3 Evolution of Mobile Devices 142.4 Antenna Materials 152.4.1 Laminated Sheet 162.4.2 Ceramic 172.4.3 Organic 192.4.4 Others 212.5 Conclusion 22References 223 Basic Concepts for 5G FR1 Band Mobile Antenna Design 253.1 Design Considerations 253.1.1 Antenna Placement 263.1.2 Smartphone Components and Their Effects 273.2 Antenna Element Design and Topologies 343.2.1 Slot Antenna Design 353.2.2 Monopole Antenna Design 363.2.3 Loop Antenna 393.2.4 Inverted-F Antenna 43Contents0005493102.INDD 5 11-02-2022 19:17:51vi Contents3.3 Antenna-Feeding Mechanism and Impedance Matching 453.4 Chassis Consideration and Effects 473.5 Electromagnetic Exposure and Mitigation 493.5.1 Monopole Antenna Array User’s Hand Effects 523.5.2 Slot Antenna Array User’s Hand Effects 523.5.3 Loop Antenna Array User’s Hand Effects 553.6 Conclusion 55References 574 Multi-Band 5G FR1 Band Mobile Antenna Design 614.1 Planar Antenna Design Topologies 624.1.1 Dual Band and Wideband Loop Antenna 624.1.2 Dual Band and Wideband Monopole Antenna 674.1.3 Dual Band and Wideband Slot Antenna 694.1.4 Dual Band PIFA and Dual Band Monopole 764.2 Hybrid Antenna Design Topologies 774.2.1 Separated Slot and Monopole 774.2.2 Integrated and Tightly Arranged Slot and Monopole 834.2.3 Tightly Arranged Loop and Monopole 864.2.4 Tightly Arranged Loop and Slot 944.2.5 Integrated Loop and IFA 944.3 Co-existence with 3G/4G and Millimeter-Wave 5G AntennaTechniques 984.3.1 Integrated 4G and 5G Sub-6 GHz Antennas 994.3.2 Integrated 4G and 5G mmWave Antennas 1034.3.3 Miniaturized 5G Module of mmWave Antennas-in-PackageIntegrating Non-mmWave Antennas (AiPiA) 1094.4 Wideband Antenna Design Topologies Beyond Bandn77/n78/n79 1104.5 Conclusion 119References 1195 MIMO-Based 5G FR1 Band Mobile Antenna 1255.1 Motivation and Requirements 1265.1.1 Channel Capacity 1285.1.2 Envelope Correlation Coefficient 1295.1.3 Diversity Gain 1315.1.4 Mean Effective Gain 1315.1.5 Total Active Reflection Coefficient 1325.1.6 Channel Capacity Loss 1335.2 Antenna Isolation Techniques 1335.2.1 Spatial and Polarization Diversity 1370005493102.INDD 6 11-02-2022 19:17:51Contents vii5.2.2 Neutralization Line 1375.2.3 Slotted Element 1435.2.4 Wave Trap Element 1435.2.5 Self-Isolated Element 1465.2.6 Others 1525.3 Practical Considerations and Challenges 1585.4 Conclusion 160References 1616 Millimeter-Wave 5G Antenna-in-Package (AiP) for MobileApplications 1676.1 Miniaturized Antenna-in-Package (AiP) Technology 1696.1.1 Background and Challenges 1696.1.2 Planar Folded Slot Antenna (PFSA) with ElectricallySmall and Low Profile 1706.1.3 Low-Loss Interconnect Technology 1786.1.4 Flip-Chip-Based Packaging of mmWave AiP 1826.2 Multi-Modal AiP Technology 1866.2.1 Block Cell Antennas 1906.2.2 Modular, Controllable Block Cell Arrays 1956.3 Conclusion 206References 2067 Multi-Physical Approach for Millimeter-Wave5G Antenna-in-Package 2117.1 Background and Current Challenges 2117.2 Heat Dissipation Strategies 2147.2.1 Metal Stamped Antenna-in-Package Overview 2147.2.2 Proof-of-Concept Model 2157.3 Multiphysical Analysis 2177.3.1 Antenna Package Characterization 2177.3.2 Electrical Stability of the Fabrication Process 2207.3.3 Thermal-Mechanical Analysis 221References 2248 Frequency Tunable Millimeter-Wave 5G Antenna-in-Package 2278.1 Background and Realistic Challenges for Mobile Applications 2298.2 Tunable Matching Network 2328.3 Topology and Design Considerations 2348.4 Examples and Demonstrations 2458.5 Upcoming Challenges 256References 2600005493102.INDD 7 11-02-2022 19:17:51viii Contents9 Cost-Effective and Compact Millimeter-Wave5G Antenna Solutions 2639.1 Background 2639.1.1 Challenging Issues of Conventional Printing and PackagingTechniques in mmWave Antenna 2659.1.2 Previous Researches on Mutual Coupling in Planar MultipleAntenna 2679.1.3 Previous Researches on Low-Loss Feeding Networks 2729.2 Compact Inverted-L Antenna Element with 1-D EBG Structures 2749.2.1 1-D EBG Ground Structures and Their ElectromagneticCharacteristics 2769.2.2 Compact ILA with 1-D EBG Ground Structures 2799.3 Low-Coupled mmWave Phased-Arrays Fabricated on FR-4 PCB 2829.3.1 Design of Single Antenna Element with HIS Structures 2829.3.2 Compact Phased Array Antenna in 4 Elements 2849.3.3 8-Elements Large-Scaled Linear Array Antenna 2909.4 Conclusion 296References 29910 Millimeter-Wave Antenna-on-Display for 5G Mobile Devices 30310.1 Performance Metrics of mmWave 5G Mobile Antenna Systems 30510.1.1 Spherical Coverage Requirements 30510.1.2 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) Requirement 30610.2 Optically Invisible Antenna-on-Display Concept 30710.2.1 Material and Process 30810.2.2 Parametric Studies on Material Thickness and Width 30910.2.3 Optically Transparent Antenna with Corrugated Edges 31010.2.4 Optically Invisible Antenna with Dummy-Grids 31210.3 OLED Display-Integrated Optically Invisible Phased-Arrays 31510.3.1 Packaging Strategy 31710.3.2 Component- and System-Level Verifications 31910.4 OLED Touch Display-Integrated Optically InvisiblePhased Arrays 32110.4.1 Flexible, Invisible Hybrid Electromagnetic Sensor 32210.4.2 Design Process and Building Block Measurements 32310.4.2.1 Antenna Electrodes 32510.4.2.2 Touch Sensor Electrodes 32610.4.2.3 Wave-Trapped Dummy Electrodes 32710.4.3 Demonstration within a Cellular Handset Prototype 32910.5 Conclusion 334References 335Index 000