Microgrids

Nikos D. Hatziargyriou is professor at the Power Division of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the National Technical University of Athens. From February 2007 to September 2012, he was Deputy CEO of the Public Power Corporation (PPC) of Greece, responsible for Transmission and Distribution Networks, island DNO and the Center of Testing, Research and Prototyping. He is Fellow Member of IEEE, past Chair of the Power System Dynamic Performance Committee and Chair of CIGRE SC C6 “Distribution Systems and Distributed Generation”. He is co-chair of the EU Advisory Council of the Technology Platform on SmartGrids. He has participated in more than 50 R&DD Projects, and was coordinator of the EU funded “Care”, “More Care”, “Rise”, “Merge”, “Microgrids” and “More Microgrids” projects. He is author of more than 160 journal publications and 500 conference proceedings papers. His research interests include Smartgrids, Microgrids, Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources and Power System Security.

• Foreword xiiiPreface xvList of Contributors xix1 The Microgrids Concept 1Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao1.1 Introduction 11.2 The Microgrid Concept as a Means to Integrate Distributed Generation 31.3 Clarification of the Microgrid Concept 41.4 Operation and Control of Microgrids 81.5 Market Models for Microgrids 121.6 Status Quo and Outlook of Microgrid Applications 222 Microgrids Control Issues 25Aris Dimeas, Antonis Tsikalakis, George Kariniotakis and George Korres2.1 Introduction 252.2 Control Functions 252.3 The Role of Information and Communication Technology 272.4 Microgrid Control Architecture 282.5 Centralized and Decentralized Control 322.6 Forecasting 352.7 Centralized Control 402.8 Decentralized Control 512.9 State Estimation 722.10 Conclusions 763 Intelligent Local Controllers 81Thomas Degner, Nikos Soultani, Alfred Engler and Asier Gil de Muro3.1 Introduction 813.2 Inverter Control Issues in the Formation of Microgrids 823.4 Implications of Line Parameters on Frequency and Voltage Droop Concepts 923.5 Development and Evaluation of Innovative Local Controls to Improve Stability 983.6 Conclusions 1154 Microgrid Protection 117Alexander Oudalov, Thomas Degner, Frank van Overbeeke and Jose Miguel Yarza4.1 Introduction 1174.2 Challenges for Microgrid Protection 1184.3 Adaptive Protection for Microgrids 1254.4 Fault Current Source for Effective Protection in Islanded Operation 1464.5 Fault Current Limitation in Microgrids 1514.6 Conclusions 1545 Operation of Multi-Microgrids 165Joao Abel PeScas Lopes, Andre Madureira, Nuno Gil and Fernanda Resende5.1 Introduction 1655.2 Multi-Microgrid Control and Management Architecture 1675.3 Coordinated Voltage/var Support 1695.4 Coordinated Frequency Control 1785.5 Emergency Functions (Black Start) 1865.6 Dynamic Equivalents 1925.7 Conclusions 2026 Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons 206George Kariniotakis, Aris Dimeas and Frank Van Overbeeke (Sections 6.1, 6.2)6.1 Introduction 2066.2 Overview of Microgrid Projects in Europe 2066.3 Overview of Microgrid Projects in the USA 231John Romankiewicz, Chris Marnay (Section 6.3)6.4 Overview of Japanese Microgrid Projects 249Satoshi Morozumi (Section 6.4)6.5 Overview of Microgrid Projects in China 262Meiqin Mao (Section 6.5)6.6 An Off-Grid Microgrid in Chile 270Rodrigo Palma Behnke and Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez (Section 6.6)7 Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation 275Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao7.1 Introduction and Overview of Potential Microgrid Benefits 2757.2 Setup of Benefit Quantification Study 2787.3 Quantification of Microgrids Benefits under Standard Test Conditions 2857.4 Impact of External Market Prices and Pricing Policies 2967.5 Impact of Microgrid Operation Strategy 3037.6 Extension to European Scale 3077.7 Conclusions 310References 313Index 315