DR. HASSAN FARHANGI is Chief System Architect and Principal Investigator of Smart Microgrid initiative at British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), and Adjunct Professor at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and the Scientific Director and Principal Investigator of NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council) Pan-Canadian Smart Microgrid Network. DR. GEZA JOOS is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Canada, and holds the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Research Chair on the Integration of Renewable Energies and Distributed Generation into the Electric Distribution Grid as well as the Canada Research Chair in Powering Information Technologies at McGill University.

• About the Authors xiiiDisclaimer xvList of Figures xviiList of Tables xxiiiForeword xxvPreface xxviiAcknowledgments xxixAcronyms and Abbreviations xxxi1 Introduction 11.1 Why Microgrid Research Requires a Network Approach 51.2 NSERC Smart MicroGrid Network (NSMG-Net) – The Canadian Experience 71.3 Research Platform 81.4 Research Program and Scope 91.5 Research Themes in Smart Microgrids 101.5.1 Theme 1: Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 101.5.1.1 Topic 1.1: Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 121.5.1.2 Topic 1.2: Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 121.5.1.3 Topic 1.3: Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 131.5.1.4 Topic 1.4: Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 131.5.2 Theme 2 Overview: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 141.5.2.1 Topic 2.1: Cost–Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 161.5.2.2 Topic 2.2: Energy and Supply Security Considerations 161.5.2.3 Topic 2.3: Demand Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 161.5.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 171.5.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 181.5.3.1 Topic 3.1: Universal Communication Infrastructure 201.5.3.2 Topic 3.2: Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 201.5.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection 201.5.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 211.6 Microgrid Design Process and Guidelines 211.7 Microgrid Design Objectives 231.8 Book Organization 232 Microgrid Benchmarks 252.1 Campus Microgrid 252.1.1 Campus Microgrid Description 252.1.2 Campus Microgrid Subsystems 272.1.2.1 Components and Subsystems 272.1.2.2 Automation and Instrumentation 282.2 Utility Microgrid 302.2.1 Description 302.2.2 Utility Microgrid Subsystems 322.3 CIGRE Microgrid 332.3.1 CIGRE Microgrid Description 332.3.2 CIGRE Microgrid Subsystems 352.3.2.1 Load 352.3.2.2 Flexibility 352.4 Benchmarks Selection Justification 363 Microgrid Elements and Modeling 373.1 Load Model 373.1.1 Current Source Based 373.1.2 Grid-Tie Inverter Based 383.2 Power Electronic Converter Models 393.3 PV Model 413.4 Wind Turbine Model 433.5 Multi-DER Microgrids Modeling 443.6 Energy Storage System Model 473.7 Electronically Coupled DER (EC-DER) Model 493.8 Synchronous Generator Model 503.9 Low Voltage Networks Model 503.10 Distributed Slack Model 513.11 VVO/CVR Modeling 534 Analysis and Studies Using Recommended Models 574.1 Energy Management Studies 574.2 Voltage Control Studies 574.3 Frequency Control Studies 584.4 Transient Stability Studies 584.5 Protection Coordination and Selectivity Studies 594.6 Economic Feasibility Studies 594.6.1 Benefits Identification 594.6.2 Reduced Energy Cost 594.6.3 Reliability Improvement 604.6.4 Investment Deferral 614.6.5 Power Fluctuation 614.6.6 Improved Efficiency 614.6.7 Reduced Emission 624.7 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Impact Studies 624.8 DER Sizing of Microgrids 624.9 Ancillary Services Studies 624.10 Power Quality Studies 634.11 Simulation Studies and Tools 635 Control, Monitoring, and Protection Strategies 655.1 Enhanced Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 655.1.1 Current-Control Scheme 665.1.2 Voltage Regulation Scheme 685.1.3 Frequency Regulation Scheme 685.1.4 Enhanced Control Strategy Under Network Faults 685.2 Decoupled Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 705.3 Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Control Loops – Level 1 Function 715.3.1 Voltage Regulation 715.3.2 Frequency Regulation 715.4 Energy Storage System Control Loops – Level 1 Function 725.4.1 Voltage Regulation 725.4.2 Frequency Regulation 745.5 Synchronous Generator (SG) Control Loops – Level 1 Function 775.5.1 Voltage Regulation 775.5.2 Frequency Regulation 775.6 Control of Multiple Source Microgrid – Level 1 Function 775.7 Fault Current Limiting Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 805.8 Mitigating the Impact on Protection System – Level 1 Function 805.9 Adaptive Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 815.10 Generalized Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 815.11 Multi-DER Control – Level 2 Function 835.12 Centralized Microgrid Controller Functions – Level 3 Function 845.13 Protection and Control Requirements 855.14 Communication-Assisted Protection and Control 855.15 Fault Current Control of DER 865.16 Load Monitoring for Microgrid Control – Level 3 Function 875.17 Interconnection Transformer Protection 885.18 Volt-VAR Optimization Control – Level 3 Function 896 Information and Communication Systems 916.1 IT and Communication Requirements in a Microgrid 916.1.1 HAN Communications 926.1.2 LAN Communications 926.1.3 WAN Communications 946.2 Technological Options for Communication Systems 946.2.1 Cellular/Radio Frequency 956.2.2 Cable/DSL 956.2.3 Ethernet 956.2.4 Fiber Optic SONET/SDH and E/GPON over Fiber Optic Links 966.2.5 Microwave 966.2.6 Power Line Communication 966.2.7 WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 966.2.8 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 966.2.9 ZigBee 976.3 IT and Communication Design Examples 976.3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 976.3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standard, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 976.3.2.1 Recommended Signaling Scheme and Capacity Limit of PLC Under Bernoulli-Gaussian Impulsive Noise 986.3.2.2 Studying and Developing Relevant Networking Techniques for an Efficient and Reliable Smart Grid Communication Network (SGCN) 986.3.3 Distribution Automation 986.3.3.1 Apparent Power Signature Based Islanding Detection 986.3.3.2 ZigBee in Electricity Substations 996.3.4 Integrated Data Management and Portals 996.3.4.1 The Multi Agent Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) Engine 997 Power and Communication Systems 1017.1 Example of Real-Time Systems Using the IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 1038 System Studies and Requirements 1058.1 Data and Specification Requirements 1058.1.1 Topology-Related Characteristics 1078.1.2 Demand-Related Characteristics 1088.1.3 Economics- and Environment-Related Characteristics 1088.2 Microgrid Design Criteria 1088.2.1 Reliability and Resilience 1088.2.1.1 Reliability 1098.2.1.2 Resilience 1098.2.2 DER Technologies 1098.2.2.1 Electric Storage Systems 1098.2.2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power 1108.2.2.3 Wind Power 1118.2.3 DER Sizing 1128.2.4 Load Prioritization 1148.2.5 Microgrid Operational States 1148.2.5.1 Grid-connected Mode 1148.2.5.2 Transition to Islanded Mode 1158.2.5.3 Islanded Mode 1158.2.5.4 Transition to Grid-connected Mode 1168.3 Design Standards and Application Guides 1168.3.1 ANSI/NEMA 1168.3.2 IEEE 1168.3.3 UL 1188.3.4 NEC 1188.3.5 IEC 1188.3.6 CIGRE 1189 Sample Case Studies for Real-Time Operation 1219.1 Operational Planning Studies 1219.2 Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies 1229.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Studies 1239.4 Power-Quality Studies 1259.5 Stability Studies 1259.6 Microgrid Design Studies 1289.7 Communication and SCADA System Studies 1299.8 Testing and Evaluation Studies 1299.9 Example Studies 13010 Microgrid Use Cases 13310.1 Energy Management System Functional Requirements Use Case 13310.2 Protection 13610.3 Intentional Islanding 13911 Testing and Case Studies 14311.1 EMS Economic Dispatch 14311.1.1 Applicable Design on the Campus Microgrid 14311.1.2 Design Guidelines 14411.1.3 Multi-Objective Optimization – Example 14511.1.3.1 System Description 14511.1.3.2 Optimization Formulation 14611.1.4 Results and Discussion 14911.1.4.1 Comparison to Existing Campus DEMS 14911.1.4.2 Business Case Overview 15211.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 15311.2.1 VVO/CVR Architecture 15311.3 Microgrid Anti-Islanding 15511.3.1 Test System 15611.3.1.1 Distribution System 15611.3.1.2 Inverter System 15811.3.2 Tests Performed and Results 15811.3.2.1 Nuisance Tripping 15911.3.2.2 Islanding 16011.4 Real-Time Testing 16611.4.1 Hardware-In-The-Loop Real Time Test Bench 16711.4.2 Real-Time System Using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 16912 Conclusion 17312.1 Challenges and Methodologies 17312.1.1 Theme 1 – Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 17312.1.1.1 Topic 1.1 – Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 17412.1.1.2 Topic 1.2 – Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 17612.1.1.3 Topic 1.3 – Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 18012.1.1.4 Topic 1.4 – Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 18312.1.2 Theme 2: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 18512.1.2.1 Topic 2.1 Cost-Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 18512.1.2.2 Topic 2.2 Energy and Supply Security Considerations 18712.1.2.3 Topic 2.3 Demand-Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 19012.1.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 19212.1.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 19312.1.3.1 Topic 3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 19412.1.3.2 Topic 3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 19512.1.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection (Topic Leader: Meng; Collaborators: Chang, Li, Iravani, Farhangi, NB Power) 20012.1.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 20212.2 Final Thoughts 204References 205Index 211

Select Guide Rating

DR. HASSAN FARHANGI is Chief System Architect and Principal Investigator of Smart Microgrid initiative at British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), and Adjunct Professor at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and the Scientific Director and Principal Investigator of NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council) Pan-Canadian Smart Microgrid Network. DR. GEZA JOOS is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Canada, and holds the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Research Chair on the Integration of Renewable Energies and Distributed Generation into the Electric Distribution Grid as well as the Canada Research Chair in Powering Information Technologies at McGill University.

• About the Authors xiiiDisclaimer xvList of Figures xviiList of Tables xxiiiForeword xxvPreface xxviiAcknowledgments xxixAcronyms and Abbreviations xxxi1 Introduction 11.1 Why Microgrid Research Requires a Network Approach 51.2 NSERC Smart MicroGrid Network (NSMG-Net) – The Canadian Experience 71.3 Research Platform 81.4 Research Program and Scope 91.5 Research Themes in Smart Microgrids 101.5.1 Theme 1: Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 101.5.1.1 Topic 1.1: Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 121.5.1.2 Topic 1.2: Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 121.5.1.3 Topic 1.3: Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 131.5.1.4 Topic 1.4: Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 131.5.2 Theme 2 Overview: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 141.5.2.1 Topic 2.1: Cost–Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 161.5.2.2 Topic 2.2: Energy and Supply Security Considerations 161.5.2.3 Topic 2.3: Demand Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 161.5.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 171.5.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 181.5.3.1 Topic 3.1: Universal Communication Infrastructure 201.5.3.2 Topic 3.2: Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 201.5.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection 201.5.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 211.6 Microgrid Design Process and Guidelines 211.7 Microgrid Design Objectives 231.8 Book Organization 232 Microgrid Benchmarks 252.1 Campus Microgrid 252.1.1 Campus Microgrid Description 252.1.2 Campus Microgrid Subsystems 272.1.2.1 Components and Subsystems 272.1.2.2 Automation and Instrumentation 282.2 Utility Microgrid 302.2.1 Description 302.2.2 Utility Microgrid Subsystems 322.3 CIGRE Microgrid 332.3.1 CIGRE Microgrid Description 332.3.2 CIGRE Microgrid Subsystems 352.3.2.1 Load 352.3.2.2 Flexibility 352.4 Benchmarks Selection Justification 363 Microgrid Elements and Modeling 373.1 Load Model 373.1.1 Current Source Based 373.1.2 Grid-Tie Inverter Based 383.2 Power Electronic Converter Models 393.3 PV Model 413.4 Wind Turbine Model 433.5 Multi-DER Microgrids Modeling 443.6 Energy Storage System Model 473.7 Electronically Coupled DER (EC-DER) Model 493.8 Synchronous Generator Model 503.9 Low Voltage Networks Model 503.10 Distributed Slack Model 513.11 VVO/CVR Modeling 534 Analysis and Studies Using Recommended Models 574.1 Energy Management Studies 574.2 Voltage Control Studies 574.3 Frequency Control Studies 584.4 Transient Stability Studies 584.5 Protection Coordination and Selectivity Studies 594.6 Economic Feasibility Studies 594.6.1 Benefits Identification 594.6.2 Reduced Energy Cost 594.6.3 Reliability Improvement 604.6.4 Investment Deferral 614.6.5 Power Fluctuation 614.6.6 Improved Efficiency 614.6.7 Reduced Emission 624.7 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Impact Studies 624.8 DER Sizing of Microgrids 624.9 Ancillary Services Studies 624.10 Power Quality Studies 634.11 Simulation Studies and Tools 635 Control, Monitoring, and Protection Strategies 655.1 Enhanced Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 655.1.1 Current-Control Scheme 665.1.2 Voltage Regulation Scheme 685.1.3 Frequency Regulation Scheme 685.1.4 Enhanced Control Strategy Under Network Faults 685.2 Decoupled Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 705.3 Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Control Loops – Level 1 Function 715.3.1 Voltage Regulation 715.3.2 Frequency Regulation 715.4 Energy Storage System Control Loops – Level 1 Function 725.4.1 Voltage Regulation 725.4.2 Frequency Regulation 745.5 Synchronous Generator (SG) Control Loops – Level 1 Function 775.5.1 Voltage Regulation 775.5.2 Frequency Regulation 775.6 Control of Multiple Source Microgrid – Level 1 Function 775.7 Fault Current Limiting Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 805.8 Mitigating the Impact on Protection System – Level 1 Function 805.9 Adaptive Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 815.10 Generalized Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 815.11 Multi-DER Control – Level 2 Function 835.12 Centralized Microgrid Controller Functions – Level 3 Function 845.13 Protection and Control Requirements 855.14 Communication-Assisted Protection and Control 855.15 Fault Current Control of DER 865.16 Load Monitoring for Microgrid Control – Level 3 Function 875.17 Interconnection Transformer Protection 885.18 Volt-VAR Optimization Control – Level 3 Function 896 Information and Communication Systems 916.1 IT and Communication Requirements in a Microgrid 916.1.1 HAN Communications 926.1.2 LAN Communications 926.1.3 WAN Communications 946.2 Technological Options for Communication Systems 946.2.1 Cellular/Radio Frequency 956.2.2 Cable/DSL 956.2.3 Ethernet 956.2.4 Fiber Optic SONET/SDH and E/GPON over Fiber Optic Links 966.2.5 Microwave 966.2.6 Power Line Communication 966.2.7 WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 966.2.8 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 966.2.9 ZigBee 976.3 IT and Communication Design Examples 976.3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 976.3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standard, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 976.3.2.1 Recommended Signaling Scheme and Capacity Limit of PLC Under Bernoulli-Gaussian Impulsive Noise 986.3.2.2 Studying and Developing Relevant Networking Techniques for an Efficient and Reliable Smart Grid Communication Network (SGCN) 986.3.3 Distribution Automation 986.3.3.1 Apparent Power Signature Based Islanding Detection 986.3.3.2 ZigBee in Electricity Substations 996.3.4 Integrated Data Management and Portals 996.3.4.1 The Multi Agent Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) Engine 997 Power and Communication Systems 1017.1 Example of Real-Time Systems Using the IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 1038 System Studies and Requirements 1058.1 Data and Specification Requirements 1058.1.1 Topology-Related Characteristics 1078.1.2 Demand-Related Characteristics 1088.1.3 Economics- and Environment-Related Characteristics 1088.2 Microgrid Design Criteria 1088.2.1 Reliability and Resilience 1088.2.1.1 Reliability 1098.2.1.2 Resilience 1098.2.2 DER Technologies 1098.2.2.1 Electric Storage Systems 1098.2.2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power 1108.2.2.3 Wind Power 1118.2.3 DER Sizing 1128.2.4 Load Prioritization 1148.2.5 Microgrid Operational States 1148.2.5.1 Grid-connected Mode 1148.2.5.2 Transition to Islanded Mode 1158.2.5.3 Islanded Mode 1158.2.5.4 Transition to Grid-connected Mode 1168.3 Design Standards and Application Guides 1168.3.1 ANSI/NEMA 1168.3.2 IEEE 1168.3.3 UL 1188.3.4 NEC 1188.3.5 IEC 1188.3.6 CIGRE 1189 Sample Case Studies for Real-Time Operation 1219.1 Operational Planning Studies 1219.2 Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies 1229.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Studies 1239.4 Power-Quality Studies 1259.5 Stability Studies 1259.6 Microgrid Design Studies 1289.7 Communication and SCADA System Studies 1299.8 Testing and Evaluation Studies 1299.9 Example Studies 13010 Microgrid Use Cases 13310.1 Energy Management System Functional Requirements Use Case 13310.2 Protection 13610.3 Intentional Islanding 13911 Testing and Case Studies 14311.1 EMS Economic Dispatch 14311.1.1 Applicable Design on the Campus Microgrid 14311.1.2 Design Guidelines 14411.1.3 Multi-Objective Optimization – Example 14511.1.3.1 System Description 14511.1.3.2 Optimization Formulation 14611.1.4 Results and Discussion 14911.1.4.1 Comparison to Existing Campus DEMS 14911.1.4.2 Business Case Overview 15211.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 15311.2.1 VVO/CVR Architecture 15311.3 Microgrid Anti-Islanding 15511.3.1 Test System 15611.3.1.1 Distribution System 15611.3.1.2 Inverter System 15811.3.2 Tests Performed and Results 15811.3.2.1 Nuisance Tripping 15911.3.2.2 Islanding 16011.4 Real-Time Testing 16611.4.1 Hardware-In-The-Loop Real Time Test Bench 16711.4.2 Real-Time System Using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 16912 Conclusion 17312.1 Challenges and Methodologies 17312.1.1 Theme 1 – Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 17312.1.1.1 Topic 1.1 – Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 17412.1.1.2 Topic 1.2 – Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 17612.1.1.3 Topic 1.3 – Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 18012.1.1.4 Topic 1.4 – Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 18312.1.2 Theme 2: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 18512.1.2.1 Topic 2.1 Cost-Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 18512.1.2.2 Topic 2.2 Energy and Supply Security Considerations 18712.1.2.3 Topic 2.3 Demand-Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 19012.1.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 19212.1.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 19312.1.3.1 Topic 3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 19412.1.3.2 Topic 3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 19512.1.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection (Topic Leader: Meng; Collaborators: Chang, Li, Iravani, Farhangi, NB Power) 20012.1.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 20212.2 Final Thoughts 204References 205Index 211

Select Guide Rating

DR. HASSAN FARHANGI is Chief System Architect and Principal Investigator of Smart Microgrid initiative at British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), and Adjunct Professor at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and the Scientific Director and Principal Investigator of NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council) Pan-Canadian Smart Microgrid Network. DR. GEZA JOOS is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Canada, and holds the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Research Chair on the Integration of Renewable Energies and Distributed Generation into the Electric Distribution Grid as well as the Canada Research Chair in Powering Information Technologies at McGill University.

• About the Authors xiiiDisclaimer xvList of Figures xviiList of Tables xxiiiForeword xxvPreface xxviiAcknowledgments xxixAcronyms and Abbreviations xxxi1 Introduction 11.1 Why Microgrid Research Requires a Network Approach 51.2 NSERC Smart MicroGrid Network (NSMG-Net) – The Canadian Experience 71.3 Research Platform 81.4 Research Program and Scope 91.5 Research Themes in Smart Microgrids 101.5.1 Theme 1: Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 101.5.1.1 Topic 1.1: Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 121.5.1.2 Topic 1.2: Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 121.5.1.3 Topic 1.3: Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 131.5.1.4 Topic 1.4: Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 131.5.2 Theme 2 Overview: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 141.5.2.1 Topic 2.1: Cost–Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 161.5.2.2 Topic 2.2: Energy and Supply Security Considerations 161.5.2.3 Topic 2.3: Demand Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 161.5.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 171.5.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 181.5.3.1 Topic 3.1: Universal Communication Infrastructure 201.5.3.2 Topic 3.2: Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 201.5.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection 201.5.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 211.6 Microgrid Design Process and Guidelines 211.7 Microgrid Design Objectives 231.8 Book Organization 232 Microgrid Benchmarks 252.1 Campus Microgrid 252.1.1 Campus Microgrid Description 252.1.2 Campus Microgrid Subsystems 272.1.2.1 Components and Subsystems 272.1.2.2 Automation and Instrumentation 282.2 Utility Microgrid 302.2.1 Description 302.2.2 Utility Microgrid Subsystems 322.3 CIGRE Microgrid 332.3.1 CIGRE Microgrid Description 332.3.2 CIGRE Microgrid Subsystems 352.3.2.1 Load 352.3.2.2 Flexibility 352.4 Benchmarks Selection Justification 363 Microgrid Elements and Modeling 373.1 Load Model 373.1.1 Current Source Based 373.1.2 Grid-Tie Inverter Based 383.2 Power Electronic Converter Models 393.3 PV Model 413.4 Wind Turbine Model 433.5 Multi-DER Microgrids Modeling 443.6 Energy Storage System Model 473.7 Electronically Coupled DER (EC-DER) Model 493.8 Synchronous Generator Model 503.9 Low Voltage Networks Model 503.10 Distributed Slack Model 513.11 VVO/CVR Modeling 534 Analysis and Studies Using Recommended Models 574.1 Energy Management Studies 574.2 Voltage Control Studies 574.3 Frequency Control Studies 584.4 Transient Stability Studies 584.5 Protection Coordination and Selectivity Studies 594.6 Economic Feasibility Studies 594.6.1 Benefits Identification 594.6.2 Reduced Energy Cost 594.6.3 Reliability Improvement 604.6.4 Investment Deferral 614.6.5 Power Fluctuation 614.6.6 Improved Efficiency 614.6.7 Reduced Emission 624.7 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Impact Studies 624.8 DER Sizing of Microgrids 624.9 Ancillary Services Studies 624.10 Power Quality Studies 634.11 Simulation Studies and Tools 635 Control, Monitoring, and Protection Strategies 655.1 Enhanced Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 655.1.1 Current-Control Scheme 665.1.2 Voltage Regulation Scheme 685.1.3 Frequency Regulation Scheme 685.1.4 Enhanced Control Strategy Under Network Faults 685.2 Decoupled Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 705.3 Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Control Loops – Level 1 Function 715.3.1 Voltage Regulation 715.3.2 Frequency Regulation 715.4 Energy Storage System Control Loops – Level 1 Function 725.4.1 Voltage Regulation 725.4.2 Frequency Regulation 745.5 Synchronous Generator (SG) Control Loops – Level 1 Function 775.5.1 Voltage Regulation 775.5.2 Frequency Regulation 775.6 Control of Multiple Source Microgrid – Level 1 Function 775.7 Fault Current Limiting Control Strategy – Level 1 Function 805.8 Mitigating the Impact on Protection System – Level 1 Function 805.9 Adaptive Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 815.10 Generalized Control Strategy – Level 2 Function 815.11 Multi-DER Control – Level 2 Function 835.12 Centralized Microgrid Controller Functions – Level 3 Function 845.13 Protection and Control Requirements 855.14 Communication-Assisted Protection and Control 855.15 Fault Current Control of DER 865.16 Load Monitoring for Microgrid Control – Level 3 Function 875.17 Interconnection Transformer Protection 885.18 Volt-VAR Optimization Control – Level 3 Function 896 Information and Communication Systems 916.1 IT and Communication Requirements in a Microgrid 916.1.1 HAN Communications 926.1.2 LAN Communications 926.1.3 WAN Communications 946.2 Technological Options for Communication Systems 946.2.1 Cellular/Radio Frequency 956.2.2 Cable/DSL 956.2.3 Ethernet 956.2.4 Fiber Optic SONET/SDH and E/GPON over Fiber Optic Links 966.2.5 Microwave 966.2.6 Power Line Communication 966.2.7 WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 966.2.8 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 966.2.9 ZigBee 976.3 IT and Communication Design Examples 976.3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 976.3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standard, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 976.3.2.1 Recommended Signaling Scheme and Capacity Limit of PLC Under Bernoulli-Gaussian Impulsive Noise 986.3.2.2 Studying and Developing Relevant Networking Techniques for an Efficient and Reliable Smart Grid Communication Network (SGCN) 986.3.3 Distribution Automation 986.3.3.1 Apparent Power Signature Based Islanding Detection 986.3.3.2 ZigBee in Electricity Substations 996.3.4 Integrated Data Management and Portals 996.3.4.1 The Multi Agent Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) Engine 997 Power and Communication Systems 1017.1 Example of Real-Time Systems Using the IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 1038 System Studies and Requirements 1058.1 Data and Specification Requirements 1058.1.1 Topology-Related Characteristics 1078.1.2 Demand-Related Characteristics 1088.1.3 Economics- and Environment-Related Characteristics 1088.2 Microgrid Design Criteria 1088.2.1 Reliability and Resilience 1088.2.1.1 Reliability 1098.2.1.2 Resilience 1098.2.2 DER Technologies 1098.2.2.1 Electric Storage Systems 1098.2.2.2 Photovoltaic Solar Power 1108.2.2.3 Wind Power 1118.2.3 DER Sizing 1128.2.4 Load Prioritization 1148.2.5 Microgrid Operational States 1148.2.5.1 Grid-connected Mode 1148.2.5.2 Transition to Islanded Mode 1158.2.5.3 Islanded Mode 1158.2.5.4 Transition to Grid-connected Mode 1168.3 Design Standards and Application Guides 1168.3.1 ANSI/NEMA 1168.3.2 IEEE 1168.3.3 UL 1188.3.4 NEC 1188.3.5 IEC 1188.3.6 CIGRE 1189 Sample Case Studies for Real-Time Operation 1219.1 Operational Planning Studies 1219.2 Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies 1229.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Studies 1239.4 Power-Quality Studies 1259.5 Stability Studies 1259.6 Microgrid Design Studies 1289.7 Communication and SCADA System Studies 1299.8 Testing and Evaluation Studies 1299.9 Example Studies 13010 Microgrid Use Cases 13310.1 Energy Management System Functional Requirements Use Case 13310.2 Protection 13610.3 Intentional Islanding 13911 Testing and Case Studies 14311.1 EMS Economic Dispatch 14311.1.1 Applicable Design on the Campus Microgrid 14311.1.2 Design Guidelines 14411.1.3 Multi-Objective Optimization – Example 14511.1.3.1 System Description 14511.1.3.2 Optimization Formulation 14611.1.4 Results and Discussion 14911.1.4.1 Comparison to Existing Campus DEMS 14911.1.4.2 Business Case Overview 15211.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control 15311.2.1 VVO/CVR Architecture 15311.3 Microgrid Anti-Islanding 15511.3.1 Test System 15611.3.1.1 Distribution System 15611.3.1.2 Inverter System 15811.3.2 Tests Performed and Results 15811.3.2.1 Nuisance Tripping 15911.3.2.2 Islanding 16011.4 Real-Time Testing 16611.4.1 Hardware-In-The-Loop Real Time Test Bench 16711.4.2 Real-Time System Using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 16912 Conclusion 17312.1 Challenges and Methodologies 17312.1.1 Theme 1 – Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 17312.1.1.1 Topic 1.1 – Control, Operation, and Renewables for Remote Smart Microgrids 17412.1.1.2 Topic 1.2 – Distributed Control, Hybrid Control, and Power Management for Smart Microgrids 17612.1.1.3 Topic 1.3 – Status Monitoring, Disturbance Detection, Diagnostics, and Protection for Smart Microgrids 18012.1.1.4 Topic 1.4 – Operational Strategies and Storage Technologies to Address Barriers for Very High Penetration of DG Units in Smart Microgrids 18312.1.2 Theme 2: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization, and Regulatory Issues 18512.1.2.1 Topic 2.1 Cost-Benefits Framework – Secondary Benefits and Ancillary Services 18512.1.2.2 Topic 2.2 Energy and Supply Security Considerations 18712.1.2.3 Topic 2.3 Demand-Response Technologies and Strategies – Energy Management and Metering 19012.1.2.4 Topic 2.4: Integration Design Guidelines and Performance Metrics – Study Cases 19212.1.3 Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 19312.1.3.1 Topic 3.1 Universal Communication Infrastructure 19412.1.3.2 Topic 3.2 Grid Integration Requirements, Standards, Codes, and Regulatory Considerations 19512.1.3.3 Topic 3.3: Distribution Automation Communications: Sensors, Condition Monitoring, and Fault Detection (Topic Leader: Meng; Collaborators: Chang, Li, Iravani, Farhangi, NB Power) 20012.1.3.4 Topic 3.4: Integrated Data Management and Portals 20212.2 Final Thoughts 204References 205Index 211

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