The General Setting 1. Introduction Amanda Sierra and Marie-Eve Tremblay 2. Historical Context Payam Rezaie and Uwe-Karsten Hanisch 3. Microglial Physiology Jyoti J. Watters and Jennifer M. Pocock 4. Lessons from in vivo Imaging Dimitrios Davalos and Martin Fuhrmann 5. Roles in Immune Responses Richa Hanamsagar, Sandra M. Cardona, Tammy Kielian, and Astrid E. Cardona 6. Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity Knut Biber and Michelle L. Block What Is on Stage The New Roles 7. Developmental Neuronal Elimination Jose L. Marin-Teva, Julio Navascues, Ana Sierra, and Michel Mallat 8. Developmental Angiogenesis, Myelination and Astrogliogenesis G. Jean Harry and Lorena Pont-Lezica 9. Developing and Mature Synapses Marie-Eve Tremblay, Rosa C. Paolicelli, Beth Stevens, Hiroaki Wake, and Alain Bessis 10. Adult Neurogenesis, Learning and Memory Amanda Sierra and Marie-Eve Tremblay 11. Neuropathic Pain Jessica K. Alexander, Simon Beggs, and Michael W. Salter 12. Drug Addiction Xiaohui Wang, Thomas A. Cochran, Mark R. Hutchinson, Hang Yin, and Linda R. Watkins 13. Aging Rommy von Bernhardi, Betsi Flores, and Hiroshi Nakanishi Their Pathological Implications CONDITIONS IMPACTING ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE 14. Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders Akira Monji, Izumi Maezawa, Yoshito Mizoguchi, Takahiro A. Kato, and Lee-Way Jin 15. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Daniel F. Marker, Shao-Ming Lu, and Harris A. Gelbard 16. Multiple Sclerosis Yoshifumi Sonobe and Akio Suzumura LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH 17. Ischemia and Stroke Raffaela Cipriani, Maria Domerq, and Carlos Matute 18. Neurodegenerative Diseases Diego Gomez-Nicola and Hugh Perry 19. Spinal Cord and Brain Trauma Samuel David and Phillip G. Popovich