André Mercanzini has experience in both academic and industrial research environments, having developed MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) for a wide range of applications. He has held internships at the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (University of Toronto), the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Zyvex Corporation, and at Bosch Research in Palo Alto, California where he developed silicon processes for the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility. 　He holds two issued US patents on microassembly and has two patents pending on neurostimulation devices. André received his Ph.D. in bioengineering from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2009Philippe Renaud is Professor at the Microsystem Laboratory (LMIS4) at the EPFL and scientific director of the EPFL Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMI). His main research area is related to micronano technologies in biomedical applications (BioMEMS) with emphasis on cell-chips, nanofluidics and bioelectronics. After receiving his Ph.D. degree from the University of Lausanne (1988), he was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley, and then at the IBM Zürich Research Laboratory in Switzerland, before joining the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) at Neuchâtel, Switzerland in 1992. He has been at the EPFL since 1994. Dr. Renaud is active in several scientific committees (scientific journals, international conferences, scientific advisory boards of companies) and is deeply involved in several high-tech start-up companies.

• IntroductionScope Problem Statement: The Tissue Reaction to Implanted NeuroprosthesesThe Initial Response The Sustained ResponseEffect of Tissue Reaction on Recording and StimulationTissue Reaction Reduction Methods Literature ReviewThin-Film Microelectrode TechnologyElectrical Impedance SpectroscopyControlled Release PolymersTechnology Position With Respect to State of the Art Research Objectives LimitationsStructureReferencesMicrofabrication Techniques for NeuroprosthesesIntroductionMicroelectrode ArraysMicrofabrication TechniquesDevice PackagingElectrical CharacterizationMicrofluidic ChannelsDevice ResultsConclusionNeural Recording and StimulationIntroductionThe Neurophysiological Basis of RecordingDetection of BiopotentialsScaling of Electrodes and NoiseThe Neurophysiological Basis of StimulationApplications of Neural RecordingThe Somatosensory CortexChronic Hippocampus RecordingsChronic Auditory Cortex Recordings Applications of Neural StimulationCochlear and Modiolus StimulationRetinal StimulationConclusionReferencesin vivo Electrical Impedance SpectroscopyIntroductionMaterials and MethodsImplantable Microelectrode Array FabricationElectrode-Tissue Interface ModellingPeak Resistance Frequency Method SimulationAnimal Implantation Procedure in vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Histology Results in vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Histology Discussion Conclusion References Controlled Release Drug CoatingsIntroduction Materials and Methods Microelectrode Array Fabrication Nanoparticle-PEO Coating Synthesis Implantation in vivo Impedance Measurements Histology Results Nanoparticle-PEO Coating Synthesis in vivo Impedance Comparison Qualitative Histological Comparison Discussion Conclusion ReferencesConclusionSummary of Main Results Significance of Contribution to Knowledge Future PerspectivesReferences

André Mercanzini has experience in both academic and industrial research environments, having developed MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) for a wide range of applications. He has held internships at the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (University of Toronto), the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Zyvex Corporation, and at Bosch Research in Palo Alto, California where he developed silicon processes for the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility. 　He holds two issued US patents on microassembly and has two patents pending on neurostimulation devices. André received his Ph.D. in bioengineering from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2009Philippe Renaud is Professor at the Microsystem Laboratory (LMIS4) at the EPFL and scientific director of the EPFL Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMI). His main research area is related to micronano technologies in biomedical applications (BioMEMS) with emphasis on cell-chips, nanofluidics and bioelectronics. After receiving his Ph.D. degree from the University of Lausanne (1988), he was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley, and then at the IBM Zürich Research Laboratory in Switzerland, before joining the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) at Neuchâtel, Switzerland in 1992. He has been at the EPFL since 1994. Dr. Renaud is active in several scientific committees (scientific journals, international conferences, scientific advisory boards of companies) and is deeply involved in several high-tech start-up companies.

• IntroductionScope Problem Statement: The Tissue Reaction to Implanted NeuroprosthesesThe Initial Response The Sustained ResponseEffect of Tissue Reaction on Recording and StimulationTissue Reaction Reduction Methods Literature ReviewThin-Film Microelectrode TechnologyElectrical Impedance SpectroscopyControlled Release PolymersTechnology Position With Respect to State of the Art Research Objectives LimitationsStructureReferencesMicrofabrication Techniques for NeuroprosthesesIntroductionMicroelectrode ArraysMicrofabrication TechniquesDevice PackagingElectrical CharacterizationMicrofluidic ChannelsDevice ResultsConclusionNeural Recording and StimulationIntroductionThe Neurophysiological Basis of RecordingDetection of BiopotentialsScaling of Electrodes and NoiseThe Neurophysiological Basis of StimulationApplications of Neural RecordingThe Somatosensory CortexChronic Hippocampus RecordingsChronic Auditory Cortex Recordings Applications of Neural StimulationCochlear and Modiolus StimulationRetinal StimulationConclusionReferencesin vivo Electrical Impedance SpectroscopyIntroductionMaterials and MethodsImplantable Microelectrode Array FabricationElectrode-Tissue Interface ModellingPeak Resistance Frequency Method SimulationAnimal Implantation Procedure in vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Histology Results in vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Histology Discussion Conclusion References Controlled Release Drug CoatingsIntroduction Materials and Methods Microelectrode Array Fabrication Nanoparticle-PEO Coating Synthesis Implantation in vivo Impedance Measurements Histology Results Nanoparticle-PEO Coating Synthesis in vivo Impedance Comparison Qualitative Histological Comparison Discussion Conclusion ReferencesConclusionSummary of Main Results Significance of Contribution to Knowledge Future PerspectivesReferences

André Mercanzini has experience in both academic and industrial research environments, having developed MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) for a wide range of applications. He has held internships at the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (University of Toronto), the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the Zyvex Corporation, and at Bosch Research in Palo Alto, California where he developed silicon processes for the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility. 　He holds two issued US patents on microassembly and has two patents pending on neurostimulation devices. André received his Ph.D. in bioengineering from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in 2009Philippe Renaud is Professor at the Microsystem Laboratory (LMIS4) at the EPFL and scientific director of the EPFL Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMI). His main research area is related to micronano technologies in biomedical applications (BioMEMS) with emphasis on cell-chips, nanofluidics and bioelectronics. After receiving his Ph.D. degree from the University of Lausanne (1988), he was a postdoctoral fellow at University of California, Berkeley, and then at the IBM Zürich Research Laboratory in Switzerland, before joining the Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM) at Neuchâtel, Switzerland in 1992. He has been at the EPFL since 1994. Dr. Renaud is active in several scientific committees (scientific journals, international conferences, scientific advisory boards of companies) and is deeply involved in several high-tech start-up companies.

• IntroductionScope Problem Statement: The Tissue Reaction to Implanted NeuroprosthesesThe Initial Response The Sustained ResponseEffect of Tissue Reaction on Recording and StimulationTissue Reaction Reduction Methods Literature ReviewThin-Film Microelectrode TechnologyElectrical Impedance SpectroscopyControlled Release PolymersTechnology Position With Respect to State of the Art Research Objectives LimitationsStructureReferencesMicrofabrication Techniques for NeuroprosthesesIntroductionMicroelectrode ArraysMicrofabrication TechniquesDevice PackagingElectrical CharacterizationMicrofluidic ChannelsDevice ResultsConclusionNeural Recording and StimulationIntroductionThe Neurophysiological Basis of RecordingDetection of BiopotentialsScaling of Electrodes and NoiseThe Neurophysiological Basis of StimulationApplications of Neural RecordingThe Somatosensory CortexChronic Hippocampus RecordingsChronic Auditory Cortex Recordings Applications of Neural StimulationCochlear and Modiolus StimulationRetinal StimulationConclusionReferencesin vivo Electrical Impedance SpectroscopyIntroductionMaterials and MethodsImplantable Microelectrode Array FabricationElectrode-Tissue Interface ModellingPeak Resistance Frequency Method SimulationAnimal Implantation Procedure in vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Histology Results in vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Histology Discussion Conclusion References Controlled Release Drug CoatingsIntroduction Materials and Methods Microelectrode Array Fabrication Nanoparticle-PEO Coating Synthesis Implantation in vivo Impedance Measurements Histology Results Nanoparticle-PEO Coating Synthesis in vivo Impedance Comparison Qualitative Histological Comparison Discussion Conclusion ReferencesConclusionSummary of Main Results Significance of Contribution to Knowledge Future PerspectivesReferences