Microconstituents in the Environment

Rao Y. Surampalli is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (GIEES) in Lenexa, USA and Distinghished Visiting Professor at several universities across the world. Tian C. Zhang is Professor in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), USA. Chih-Ming Kao is Distinguished Chair Professor in the Institute of Environmental Engineering at the National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Makarand M. Ghangrekar is Institute Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. Puspendu Bhunia is Professor of Environmental Engineering in the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India. Manaswini Behera is Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering in the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.Prangya R. Rout is Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India.

• Preface xixList of Contributors xxiAbout the Editors xxixPart I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 11 Introduction to Microconstituents 3Manaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar1.1 Introduction 31.2 Classification of Microconstituents 51.3 Source of Microconstituents 101.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 171.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 181.6 The Structure of the Book 241.7 Conclusions 262 Occurrence 37Prangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli2.1 Introduction 372.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 402.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 402.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 492.5 Conclusions 493 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55Mansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout3.1 Introduction 553.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 563.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 633.4 Source Tracking Techniques 733.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 773.6 Conclusions 794 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89Nagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey4.1 Introduction 894.2 Microplastics in the Environment 914.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 924.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 944.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 944.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 954.7 Risk Assessment 984.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 994.9 Conclusions 99Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 1075 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109Dwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar5.1 Introduction 1095.2 Need for Mathematical Models 1115.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 1125.4 Development of Numerical Model 1175.5 Application of Models 1235.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 1265.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 1265.8 Conclusions 1296 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133Jiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 1346.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 1356.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 1366.5 Limitations 1396.6 Concluding Remarks 1397 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143Po-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao7.1 Introduction 1437.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 1437.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 1527.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 1577.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 1617.6 Conclusions 1728 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181Zong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao8.1 Introduction 1818.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 1838.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 1898.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 1918.5 Conclusions 1949 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203Sailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout9.1 Introduction 2039.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 2069.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 2099.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 2109.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 2119.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 2139.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 2149.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 2159.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 2169.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 2179.11 Future Scope of Research 2189.12 Conclusions 21910 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227Anoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 22710.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 23010.3 Emerging and Application 23310.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 23610.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 23710.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 24110.7 Conclusions 242Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 24711 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249Alisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 24911.1 Introduction 24911.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 25111.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 25711.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 26411.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 26612 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273Challa Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia12.1 Introduction 27312.2 Adsorption Mechanism 27412.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 27612.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 28012.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 28112.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 28212.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 29012.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 29512.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 29612.10 Conclusions 29713 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303Muhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi13.1 Introduction 30313.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 30413.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 30613.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 31013.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 31213.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 31313.7 Summary 31614 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia14.1 Introduction 32114.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 32314.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 32314.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 33214.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 35414.6 Membrane Fouling 35514.7 Future Perspectives 35814.8 Conclusions 35815 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia15.1 Introduction 36715.2 Classification of AOPs 36915.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 37015.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 37015.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 37415.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 37415.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 37615.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 37615.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 37715.10 Application of Individual/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 37815.11 Future Perspectives 39015.12 Conclusions 392Part IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 40516 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407Hung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang16.1 Introduction 40716.2 Aerobic Biological Systems/Processes 40816.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 41116.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 41516.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 41816.6 Conclusions 41917 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427Thi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang17.1 Introduction 42717.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 42817.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 43317.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 43617.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 44517.6 Conclusions 44618 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455Rishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 45518.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 45718.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 46118.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 46618.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 46918.6 Scale-Up of BES 47418.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 47618.8 Summary 47819 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491Monali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 49119.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 49219.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 50619.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507Part V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 51320 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515Wei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao20.1 Introduction 51520.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 51520.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 51620.4 Concluding Remarks 52021 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525Indrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 52521.1 Introduction 52521.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 53021.3 Future Outlook 54021.4 Conclusions 54022 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545Tsai Chi Kuo22.1 Introduction 54522.2 Sustainable/Green Supply Chain 54722.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 54922.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 55222.5 Social Sustainability 55322.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 55422.6.3 Conclusions 555List of Abbreviations 565Index 577