Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Baghir A. Suleimanov, PhD, Deputy Director of the Oil-Gas Scientific Research and Project Institute of SOCAR, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, and Corresponding Member of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. He delivers lectures and supervises postgraduate and PhD students in the field of petroleum engineering. Prof. Suleimanov is the author of over 200 scientific publications, 2 monographs, 4 textbooks, and holds 118 patents. He has successfully supervised 26 PhD students and 9 Doctors of Sciences. He has been recognized in the list of the world’s top 2% most influential scientists, compiled by Stanford University. Elchin F. Veliyev, PhD, Manager of the Laboratory of Analytical Researches at the Oil-Gas Scientific Research and Project Institute of SOCAR. Dr. Veliyev lectures and supervises postgraduate and PhD students in petroleum engineering. He is the author of 85 scientific papers, 3 monographs, and 4 textbooks, and holds 6 patents. He has been included in the list of the world’s top 2% most influential scientists, compiled by Stanford University.

• Preface xvIntroduction xvii1 Basic Concepts in Reservoir Engineering 11.1 Rocks and Their Types 11.2 Forms of Occurrence of Sedimentary Rocks 51.3 Hydrocarbon Reservoirs 61.4 Oil and Gas Traps 71.5 Rock Porosity 91.6 Rock Permeability 141.7 Geological Heterogeneity of Rocks 181.8 Saturations 191.9 Resistivity 231.10 Capillary Pressure 271.11 Types of Reservoir Fluids 362 Fluid Flow in Porous Media 412.1 Introduction 412.2 Applications of Darcy’s Law 422.3 Differential Equations for Fluid Flow 502.4 Steady-state Flow 542.5 Basic Solutions of the Constant Terminal Rate Case for Radial Models 552.6 The Constant Terminal Pressure Solution 762.7 Superposition 762.8 Ideal Gas Flow 863 Classification of Hydrocarbons and Oil Reserves 893.1 Common Classification of Hydrocarbons 893.2 Classification of Oil Reserves 903.3 Oil Recovery Factor 933.4 SPE/WPC/AAPG Classification of Reserves 933.5 Russian Classification of Reserves 1033.6 The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources 1054 Oil Recovery Methods 1134.1 Introduction 1134.2 Primary Recovery 1134.3 Secondary Recovery 1134.4 Tertiary Recovery 1174.5 Sweep Efficiency 1205 Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1235.1 Introduction 1235.2 Steam Injection 1235.3 In situ Combustion 1316 Gas Flooding 1436.1 Introduction 1436.2 Injection of Hydrocarbon Gases 1456.3 Nitrogen Injection 1576.4 CO2 Injection 1676.5 Water-Gas Impact on the Formation 1807 Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1977.1 Introduction 1977.2 Polymer Flooding 1987.3 Micellar-polymer Flooding 2057.4 Alkaline Flooding 2148 Microbial EOR 2258.1 Introduction 2258.2 Introduction to Microorganisms in MEOR 2258.3 Process Mechanism of MEOR 2378.4 Applicability Criteria 2418.5 Field Implementations 2428.6 Implementation Technology 2439 Forefront EOR 2459.1 Introduction 2459.2 In Depth Fluid Diversion 2459.3 Injection of Low-salinity Water 2569.4 High Pressure Air Injection 2619.5 Overview of Organic Oil Recovery Methods 26810 Practical Implementation of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 28110.1 Screening Assessment 28110.2 Phase Behavior of Formation Fluids and Core Analysis 28410.3 EOR Simulation 28610.4 Implementation of EOR 29410.5 Technology Readiness Level 29711 Laboratory Evaluation of Oil-bearing Rock Properties 30111.1 Introduction 30111.2 Granulometric Composition of Rock 30111.3 Determining the Density of Rocks 30211.4 Determining the Carbonate Content of Rocks 31011.5 Collector Properties 31511.6 Porosity Measurements 31611.7 Wettability and Wettability Tests 33211.8 Interfacial Tension 35611.9 Steady-State Permeability Measurements 36111.10 Unsteady-state Permeability Measurements 36611.11 Steady-State Liquid (Absolute) Permeability Measurements 37112 Economic Assessment of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 37712.1 Introduction 37712.2 Determining the Optimal Time to Start EOR 37712.3 Technological Efficiency of EOR 37812.4 Economic Efficiency of EOR 380Index 393