Metallic, Magnetic, and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials

Ajit Khosla, PhD, is a distinguished professor in the School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology at the Xidian University, and distinguished visiting professor at Soft & Wet Matter Engineering Laboratory (SWEL), Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan. Prof. Khosla is a fellow of the Electrochemical Society (United States) and the Royal Society of Chemistry (United kingdom) and holds 5 patents. He is founding Editor-in-Chief of Electrochemical Society’s first gold open access journals, ECS Sensors Plus and Editor Electrochemical Society’s family of journals. Irshad A. Wani, PhD, is currently serving as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Anantnag, University of Kashmir, India. Dr. Wani has received various prestigious awards notably ICTSGS Services Award (2021) conferred by SPAST foundation & B N Kailoo Memorial ISCAS Medal (2009) conferred by ISCAS, India etc. He has a good track record of publications & has published research papers in various esteemed international journals. He is serving as a peer reviewer of various international journals and is also a life member of various scientific societies. Mohammad N. Lone, PhD, is currently serving as an Assistant Professor in Chemistry at Department of Chemistry, Central University of Kashmir, India. During Ph.D., Dr. Lone was honored with the Basic Scientific Research (UGC-BSR) Meritorious JRF & SRF fellowship for five years by the University Grants Commission-Basic Scientific Research, India.

• About the Authors ixPreface xi1 Nanomaterials 1Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: An Outline of Terms and Concepts 11.1.1 Nanomaterials: Properties and Classification 31.1.2 Forms of Nanoparticles 41.2 Special Effects of Nanosystems 51.2.1 Quantum Confinement Effect 51.2.2 Concept of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 71.3 Aspects of Synthesis of Nanomaterials 81.3.1 Top-Down Approach 81.3.2 Bottom-Up Approach 91.4 Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles 101.4.1 Chemical Methods of Synthesis 111.4.2 Electrochemical Method 171.4.3 Polymer and Dendrimer-Mediated Synthesis 211.4.4 Photoreduction Method 241.4.5 Using Reverse Micelles and Liposomes 291.4.6 Green Chemistry Methods 341.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle 371.5.1 Physical Approaches 381.5.2 Chemical Approach 381.5.3 Photoinduced Reduction Synthesis of AgNPs 431.5.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 451.5.5 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 471.5.6 Bio Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles 501.5.6.1 AgNPs Synthesized Using Bacteria 501.5.6.2 AgNPs Synthesized Using Fungi 511.5.6.3 AgNPs Synthesized Using Actinomycetes, Algae, and Viruses 521.5.6.4 Mechanisms of the Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of AgNPs 551.5.7 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles 551.6 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 581.7 Synthesis of Classical Quantum Dots 621.7.1 Organometallic Methods of Synthesis of Quantum Dots 631.7.2 Aqueous Synthesis of QDS Using Chemical and Biological Methods 661.8 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 691.8.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 691.8.1.1 Plasma-Based Synthesis 691.8.2 Synthesis of Graphene 731.8.2.1 Exfoliation: Mechanical and Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 731.8.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 761.8.2.3 Laser-Induced Synthesis 781.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective 79References 802 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 120Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone2.1 Biomedical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles 1202.1.1 Biomedical Imaging 1212.1.2 AuNPs in Therapeutics 1252.1.3 Gold Nanoparticles as Biosensors 1292.1.4 Gold Nanoparticles in Photothermal Therapy 1322.2 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 1352.2.1 As Antimicrobial Agents 1352.2.2 Silver NPs in Wound Care Applications 1392.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry 1432.3 Toxicity of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 1462.3.1 Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles 1462.3.2 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles 1522.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 155References 1563 Biomedical Applications of Iron-Oxide-based Magnetic Nanoparticles 171Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone3.1 Biomedical Applications of MNPs 1713.1.1 MNPs as Imaging Contrast Agents for Biological Targets 1723.1.2 MNPs in Drug Delivery Applications for Cancer Therapy 1773.1.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Hyperthermia Therapy 1853.1.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Gene Therapy 1923.1.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biosensing and Detection 1973.1.5.1 Detection of Disease Biomarkers 1983.1.5.2 MNPs in the Detection of Pathogens 2023.2 Toxicity of MNPs to Biological Systems 2093.2.1 Biodistribution and Metabolism of MNPs 2093.2.2 In vitro Toxicity Studies of MNPs 2113.2.3 In vivo Toxicity Studies of MNPs 2123.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 2163.3.1 Imaging Applications 2163.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems 2163.3.3 Hyperthermia Therapy 2163.3.4 Gene Therapy 2163.3.5 Biosensing and Detection 2173.3.6 Toxicity and Biodistribution 217References 2174 Biomedical Application of Quantum Dots 236Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone4.1 Biomedical Applications of QDs 2364.1.1 In Bioimaging and Biolabeling 2384.1.2 In Cell Imaging 2394.1.3 In Cell Tracking 2404.1.4 In Vivo Animal Imaging 2444.1.5 Detection of Pathogens and Toxins 2484.1.6 Immunolabeling and Molecular Localization 2504.1.7 Studying Signaling Pathways 2574.1.8 Tumor Biology Investigation 2574.2 Toxicity of Quantum Dots 2594.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook 260References 2615 Biomedical Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 270Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone5.1 Introduction 2705.2 Classification of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2735.3 Biofunctionalization/Biomodification of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 2745.4 Biomedical Applications of CNTs 2775.4.1 In Controlled and Targeted Drug Delivery 2785.4.2 In Imaging Techniques 2805.4.3 In Medical Nanorobotics 2815.4.4 In Drug and Gene Delivery 2835.4.5 In Biosensing Applications 2845.4.6 As Scaffold for Cell Culture 2845.5 Biomedical Applications of Graphene 2845.5.1 In Anticancer Drug Delivery Systems 2865.5.2 In Tissue Engineering 2915.5.3 In Bioimaging 2975.5.4 As Biosensors 3015.5.5 In Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy 3035.6 Discussion on Toxicity of CNMs 3055.6.1 Neurotoxicity 3055.6.2 Hepatotoxicity 3065.6.3 Nephrotoxicity 3075.6.4 Immunotoxicity 3085.6.5 Cardiotoxicity 3095.6.6 Genotoxicity and Epigenetic Toxicity 3105.6.7 Dermatotoxicity 3105.6.8 Carcinogenicity 3115.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 311References 3126 Biomedical Applications of Silica-Based Nanomaterials and Polymeric Nanomaterials 330Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone6.1 Biomedical Applications of Silica Nanoparticles 3306.1.1 As Nanocarriers and Biomodulators 3306.1.2 In Drug Delivery 3346.1.3 In Bioimaging 3386.1.4 As Bioadhesives 3406.2 Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticles 3426.2.1 In Antibacterial Activity 3426.2.2 As Vaccine Adjuvants 3466.2.3 As Delivery Carries for Vaccines 3496.3 Toxicity Studies 3496.4 Conclusions and Future Scope 353References 3547 Nanotechnology-Based Biomedical Products, Devices, and Applications 363Ajit Khosla, Irshad A. Wani, and Mohammad N. Lone7.1 Nanotechnology-Based Treatments for Heart Disease 3637.1.1 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Early Detection of Coronary Artery Diseases (CADs) 3647.1.2 Nanomaterials: Advancing Cardiac Regeneration Through Targeted Therapies 3697.2 Nanotechnology for the Treatments for Diabetes 3847.2.1 Nanotechnology for Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment 3847.2.2 Nanotechnology in Retinal Tissue Regeneration 3937.3 Nanotechnology for Kidney Disease Treatments 3977.3.1 Nanotechnology in Detection of Kidney Disease Biomarkers 3987.3.2 Kidney Disease Treatment Using Nanotechnology-Based Targeted Drug Delivery 4027.4 Nanotechnology-Based Wound Dressings for Accelerated Wound Healing 4127.5 Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment 4177.5.1 Cancer Immunotherapy and the Role of Nanomedicine 4187.5.2 Nanotechnology in Intraoperative Imaging for Enhanced Cancer Surgery 4217.5.3 Nanotherapeutics: Enhancing Cancer Treatment Through Multifaceted Strategies 4257.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 428References 429Index 447