Metal Oxide Nanocomposites

B. Raneesh is an assistant professor in the Department of Physics, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. He received his PhD in Physics from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. His current research interests include multiferroics, thin films, nanocomposites, and electron microscopy. He has published more than 25 research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and has co-edited two books. Visakh P.M. is a prolific editor with more than 30 books published. Since 2017 he is an assistant professor at TUSUR University, Tomsk, Russia after completing his postdoc research at Tomsk Polytechnic University. He obtained his PhD, MPhil and MSc degrees from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. He published more than 20 articles, 4 reviews and more than 30 book chapters and acts as guest editor for 4 international journals.

• Preface xiii1 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: State-of-the-Art and New Challenges 1Visakh P.M. and B. Raneesh1.1 Introduction to Nanocomposites 11.2 Graphene-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 41.3 Carbon Nanotube−Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 51.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites Application Towards Photocatalysis 81.5 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications 91.6 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites and its Thermal Property Analysis 111.7 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic and Gas Sensing Applications 131.8 Applications of Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 14References 162 Introduction to Nanocomposites 27Ritu Malik, Vijay K. Tomer, Vandna Chaudhary, Nirav Joshi and Surender Duhan2.1 Composites: An Introduction 282.2 Functions of Fibers and Matrix 282.3 Classification of Composites 302.4 Matrix Based Composites 302.4.1 Polymer Matrix Materials 302.4.1(a) Thermoplastics 312.4.1(b) Thermosets 322.4.2 Metal Matrix Materials 322.4.3 Ceramic Matrix Materials 332.4.4 Carbon Matrices 332.4.5 Glass Matrices 332.5 Reinforcements 342.5.1 Fiber Reinforcement 342.5.1(a) Glass Fiber 352.5.1(b) Metals Fibers 362.5.1(c) Alumina Fibers 362.5.1(d) Boron Fibers 362.5.1(e) Silicon Carbide Fibers 372.5.1(f) Aramid Fibers 372.5.1(g) Quartz and Silica Fibers 372.5.1(h) Graphite Fibers 382.5.2 Whiskers 382.5.3 Laminar Composites 382.5.4 Flake Composites 392.5.5 Filled Composites 392.5.6 Particulate Reinforced Composites 402.5.7 Cermets 402.5.8 Microspheres 402.5.8(a) Solid Glass Microspheres (SGM) 402.5.8(b) Hollow Microspheres (HM) 412.6 Polymer Composites 412.6.1 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites 422.6.2 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites 432.6.3 Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 432.7 Composites Processing 442.8 Composites Product Fabrication 442.9 Application of Composites 462.9.1 The Aerospace Industry 462.9.2 The Automotive Industry 462.9.3 The Sporting Goods Industry 472.9.4 Marine Applications 472.9.5 Consumer Goods 472.9.6 Construction and Civil Structures 472.9.7 Industrial Applications 482.10 Special Features of Composites 482.11 Composites vs Metals 492.12 Advantages of Composites 502.13 Disadvantage of Composites 512.14 Conclusion 51Acknowledgments 51References 523 Graphene-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 55Anupma Thakur, Rishabh Jain, Praveen Kumar and Pooja D3.1 Introduction 553.2 Graphene 563.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide 603.4 Graphene-Based Composites 613.5 Graphene-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 633.6 The Mechanics of Graphene Nanocomposites 653.7 Functionalization 663.7.1 Covalent Functionalization 663.7.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization 673.8 Thermal Properties 673.9 Conclusions 68References 684 Carbon Nanotube−Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 73Dengjun Wang, Wenjie Sun and Chunming Su4.1 Introduction 744.2 Synthesis Methods 754.2.1 Ex Situ Approach 774.2.2 In Situ Approach 814.3 Environmental Applications 954.3.1 Sensors 954.3.2 Antimicrobial Agents 1014.3.3 Desalination Membranes 1024.3.4 Activated Oxidation of Organic Contaminants 1034.3.5 Photodegradation of Organics 1044.3.6 Chemical Reductive Removal of Contaminants 1044.3.7 Adsorptive Removal of Contaminants 1064.3.7.1 Adsorptive Removal of Organic Contaminants 1064.3.7.2 Adsorptive Removal of Inorganic Contaminants 1074.3.8 Remediation of Sediment, Soil, and Groundwater 1094.4 Environmental Fate, Transport, and Transformation 1104.4.1 Colloidal Stability and Aggregation 1104.4.2 Physical Transport and Deposition 1134.4.3 Chemical and Biological Transformation 1164.5 Environmental Implications 1194.6 Conclusions and Future Research Direction 122References 1255 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites Application Towards Photocatalysis 155Li Fu and Yuhong Zheng5.1 Introduction 1555.2 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on Metal Oxide 1585.2.1 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on TiO2 1585.2.2 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on ZnO 1635.2.3 Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Based on WOx 1665.3 Application of Metal Oxide Composites in Photocatalysis 1675.3.1 Water Splitting for Hydrogen Generation 1675.3.2 Photo-Degradation of Pollutants 1695.3.3 Wettability Patterning Based on Photocatalysts 1715.4 Summary and Outlook 171References 1726 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications 179K. Jayamoorthy, P. Saravanan, S. Suresh and K.I. Dhanalekshmi6.1 Introduction 1796.2 Binding of Metal Oxide with Imidazole 1826.2.1 Surface Functionalization of Nano ZnO With 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) 1826.2.2 Surface Functionalization of Nano NiO With 5-Amino-2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (AMB) 1826.2.3 Surface Functionalization of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 1836.2.4 Surface Functionalization of Nano Ag3O4 With 5-Amino-2-Mercaptobenzimidazole (AMB) 1836.3 Characterizations 1836.3.1 XRD Analysis of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 1846.3.2 SEM/EDX, AFM and TEM Analysis of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 1846.3.3 HR-SEM Images and EDX Spectral Analysis of n-NiO and f-NiO 1876.3.4 Characterization of Nano ZnO 1876.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction Pattern, SEM Images and EDX Spectral Studies of Ag3O4 Nanoparticles with AMB 1886.4 Absorption Characteristics 1906.4.1 Absorption Characteristics of AMB–NiO Nanoparticles 1906.4.2 Absorption Characteristics of APTS–ZnO Nanoparticles 1916.4.3 Absorption Characteristics of APTS–Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 1926.4.4 Absorption Characteristics of AMB–Ag3O4 Nanoparticles 1926.5 Emission Characteristics 1946.5.1 Fluorescence Characteristics of AMB–NiO Nanoparticles 1946.5.2 Fluorescence Characteristics of ZnO Nanoparticles With APTS 1966.5.3 Fluorescence Quenching of APTS by Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 1976.5.4 Evidence for Linkage 1996.5.5 Fluorescence Quenching Characteristics of AMB Modified Ag3O4 Nanoparticles and Mechanism 1996.6 Sensor Mechanism 2016.7 Conclusions 202References 2037 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites and its Thermal Property Analysis 207V. Velmurugan, G. Kannan and A. Nirmala Grace7.1 Introduction 2087.2 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Thermal Management 2097.3 Synthesis Procedures 2107.3.1 Two-Step Process 2107.3.2 One-Step Process 2117.4 Mechanism of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement 2157.4.1 Brownian Motion of Nanoparticles 2167.4.2 Clustering of Nanoparticles 2187.4.3 Liquid Layering Around Nanoparticles 2197.4.4 Water Nanolayer 2217.4.5 Ballistic Phonon Transport in Nanoparticles 2237.4.6 Near Field Radiation 2237.4.7 Thermal Transport Phenomena in Nanoparticle Suspensions 2247.5 Thermal Conductivity Models for Nanofluids 2247.5.1 Classical Effective Medium Theory (EMT)-Based Models 2257.5.2 Nanolayer-Based Models 2297.5.2.1 Theoretical Models 2297.5.2.2 Combined Models 2357.5.2.3 Computational Models 2397.5.3 Brownian Motion-Based Models 2407.5.3.1 Theoretical Models 2407.5.3.2 Computational Models 2457.5.4 Aggregation-Based Models 2487.5.4.1 Combined Effects Models 2487.5.4.2 Computational Models 2507.5.5 Other Mechanism-Based Models 252References 2558 Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic and Gas Sensing Applications 265Ritu Malik, Vijay K. Tomer, Vandna Chaudhary, Nirav Joshi and Surender Duhan8.1 Semiconducting Metal Oxide as Photocatalysts 2668.1.1 Organic Dyes as Major Source of Water Pollution 2678.1.2 Conventional Method used for Dye Degradation 2678.1.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 2688.1.3.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis 2698.1.3.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 2698.1.4 Role of Electronic Structure of Semiconducting Metal Oxide in Photocatalysis 2728.1.5 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis 2748.1.6 Oxidizing Species Generation Mechanism 2758.1.7 Semiconductor Photocatalysts 2768.1.8 Kinetic Studies of Semiconductor Photocatalysis 2788.1.9 Parameter Affecting the Dye Degradation 2808.1.9.1 Catalyst Loading 2808.1.9.2 Dye Concentration 2808.1.9.3 Temperature 2808.1.9.4 pH 2818.2 Semiconducting Metal Oxide as Gas Sensor 2818.2.1 Need of Gas Sensors 2828.2.2 Evolution of Gas Sensors 2858.2.2.1 Canary in a Cage 2858.2.2.2 Flame Safety Lamp (Davey’s Lamp) 2858.2.3 Semiconducting Metal Oxides as Gas Sensors 2868.2.4 Metal Oxide Gas Sensing Mechanism 2878.2.5 Factors Influencing the Sensor Performance 2898.3 Conclusion 291Acknowledgments 292References 2929 Applications of Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 303Visakh P.M.9.1 Introduction 3039.2 Food and Agricultural Sector 3059.3 Applications in Medicine 3069.4 Water Barrier Properties 3079.5 Thermal and Flame Retardants Apparitions 3079.6 Water Disinfection Ability 3089.7 Water Flux Application 3089.8 Nanocomposites Membrane Apparitions 3099.9 Wastewater Treatment 3109.10 Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation 3109.11 Adsorption Performances Apparitions 3109.12 Electrocatalytic Applications 3119.13 Biosensors Application 3129.14 Sensing Applications 3139.15 Other Industrial Appreciations 3159.16 Conclusions 316References 31710 Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Sensing Applications 327Bismi Badherdheen, B. Raneesh and P.M. Visakh10.1 Introduction 32710.2 What is Triboelectric Effect? 32910.3 Mechanism of Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) 32910.4 How to Select the Materials for Your TENG? 33010.5 Basic Operating Modes of TENG 33110.5.1 Vertical Contact Separation Mode 33110.5.2 Contact Sliding Mode 33210.5.3 Single Electrode Mode 33310.5.4 Freestanding Triboelectric Layer Mode 33410.6 TENG as Mechanical Energy Harvester 33410.6.1 TENG Based on Vertical Contact Separation Mode 33510.6.2 TENG Based on Lateral Sliding Mode 34810.6.3 TENG Based on Single Electrode Mode 35010.6.4 TENG Based on Free Standing Triboelectric Layer Mode 35210.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 353References 35311 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Wastewater Treatment 361Pratiksha Joshi, Kanika Gupta, Rashi Gusain and Om P Khatri11.1 Introduction 36211.2 Adsorptive Removal of Water Pollutants 36311.3 Photocatalytic Decomposition of Water Pollutants 36411.4 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 36511.5 Removal and Decomposition of Inorganic Pollutants by Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 36711.6 Removal and Decomposition of Organic Pollutants by Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 37511.6.1 Adsorptive Removal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Dyes 37511.6.2 Adsorptive Removal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of APIs 37911.6.3 Adsorptive Removal and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Pesticides 38211.7 Conclusion and Outlook 384References 385Index 399