Yusuf Cengiz Toklu is a Professor at Beykent University, Turkey. He obtained his Dr.-Ing. at Institut de Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences, Université Paris VI, France. He is the founder of methods for analysis of structures using metaheuristics.Gebrail Bekdas is a researcher in the mechanics division within the Department of Civil Engineering at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey. He obtained his DPhil in Structural Engineering from Istanbul University.Sinan Melih Nigdeli is a researcher in mechanics division within the Department of Civil Engineering at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Turkey. He obtained his DPhil in Structural Engineering from Istanbul Technical University.

• Preface ixIntroduction xiChapter 1 Evolution of Structural Analysis and Design 11.1 History of design 21.2 From empirical rules and intuition to FEM 61.3 From FEM to AI 8Chapter 2 Metaheuristic Algorithms 112.1 A brief history of the development of metaheuristic algorithms 122.2 Generalities about metaheuristic algorithms 142.3 Evolutionary algorithms 172.3.1 Genetic algorithms 172.3.2 The differential evolution algorithm 182.4 Swarm intelligence 192.4.1 Particle swarm optimization 202.4.2 The flower pollination algorithm 222.4.3 The bat algorithm 232.5 Other metaheuristic algorithms 242.5.1 Simulated annealing 242.5.2 Teaching–learning-based optimization 262.5.3 Harmony search 272.5.4 The Jaya algorithm 28Chapter 3 Application of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Structural Problems 313.1 Objective function 323.1.1 Weight 323.1.2 Cost 333.1.3 Response 353.1.4 Effectiveness 373.1.5 CO2 emissions in construction 383.2 The design constraints 383.2.1 Stress 403.2.2 Deformations 433.2.3 Buckling 453.2.4 Fatigue 463.2.5 Design regulation rules 46Chapter 4 Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms in Structural Design 494.1 Generalities in structural design 494.2 Sensibility analyses and reliability 504.3 Types of structural optimization 504.4 Basic structural engineering applications 524.4.1 Vertical deflection minimization problem of an I-beam 524.4.2 Cost optimization of the tubular column under compressive load 564.4.3 Weight optimization of cantilever beams 604.5 Appendix 1 634.6 Appendix 2 664.7 Appendix 3 69Chapter 5 Optimization of Truss-like Structures 755.1 The optimum design of truss structures 755.1.1 Analyses of truss structures 765.1.2 Review of the literature on the optimization of truss structures 785.2 Numerical applications in the optimization of truss structures 795.2.1 A 5-bar truss structure optimization problem 795.2.2 A 3-bar truss structure optimization problem 825.2.3 A 25-bar truss structure optimization problem 855.2.4 A 72-bar space truss optimization example 885.2.5 A 200-bar planar truss optimization example 895.3 Tensegrity structures 935.4 Appendix 1 945.5 Appendix 2 97Chapter 6 Optimization of Structures and Members 1016.1 Optimum design of RC beams 1026.2 Optimum design of RC spread footings 1126.3 Optimum design of RC columns 1186.4 Optimum design of RC frames 1266.4.1 The first example: two-span two-story RC frame 1326.4.2 The first example: two-span two-story RC frame 1336.5 Optimum design of RC cylindrical walls 1366.5.1 Optimum design of axially symmetric RC walls 1366.5.2 Optimization of post-tensioning forces for cylindrical walls 1386.5.3 Optimization of post-tensioned axially symmetric cylindrical RC walls 141Chapter 7 Optimization in Structural Control Problems 1437.1 Optimum design of tuned mass dampers (TMD) 1447.1.1 Time domain-based optimization of TMDs 1477.1.2 Frequency domain-based optimization of TMDs 1527.2 Optimum design of base isolation systems 174Chapter 8 Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Structural Analysis 1818.1 Fundamentals of the method 1818.2 Applications to structures, generalities 1858.3 Applications to trusses and truss-like structures 1858.4 Applications to plates 1898.5 Further studies on the analysis of structures with TPO/MA 193Future Trends 195References 199Index 217