Gyula Klima is a professor of philosophy at Fordham University. He acts as director of the international Society of Medieval Logic and Metaphysics and an executive council member of the American Catholic Philosophical Association since 2003. Klima is the author of ARS ARTIUM: Essays in Philosophical Semantics, Medieval and Modern (1988) and John Buridan: Summulae de Dialectica (2001). Fritz Allhoff is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Western Michigan University. He has published work in journals including American Journal of Bioethics, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, International Journal of Applied Philosophy, and Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. Anand Jayprakash Vaidya is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at San José State University. His research is in Metaphysics & Epistemology, and Philosophy of Mind.

• ContentsText Sources and Credits viiiAcknowledgments xiiiGeneral Introduction 1Part I Logic and Epistemology 27Introduction 27Philosophy, Theology, Logic, and the Sciences 311 Augustine on Ancient Philosophy 312 Dialectica Monacensis (anonymous, twelfth century) on the Division of Science 433 Thomas Aquinas on the Nature and Scope of Sacred Doctrine 45The Problem of Universals 594 Boethius Against Real Universals 595 John of Salisbury on the Controversy over Universals 636 The Summa Lamberti on the Properties of Terms 667 William Ockham on Universals 718 John Buridan on the Predicables 79Illumination vs. Abstraction, and Scientific Knowledge 839 Augustine on Divine Ideas and Illumination 8310 Thomas Aquinas on Illumination vs. Abstraction 8711 Thomas Aquinas on our Knowledge of the First Principles of Demonstration 9812 Henry of Ghent on Divine Illumination 10313 Duns Scotus on Divine Illumination 110Knowledge and Skepticism 11714 Augustine on the Certainty of Self-Knowledge 11715 Thomas Aquinas on whether the Intellect Can Be False 12016 Henry of Ghent on whether a Human Being Can Know Anything 12317 Nicholas of Autrecourt on Skepticism about Substance and Causality 13418 John Buridan on Scientific Knowledge 143Part II Philosophy Of Nature, Philosophy of The Soul, Metaphysics 151Introduction 151Hylomorphism, Causality, Natural Philosophy 15719 Thomas Aquinas on the Principles of Nature 15720 Thomas Aquinas on the Mixture of Elements 16821 Giles of Rome on the Errors of the Philosophers 17122 Selections from the Condemnation of 1277 18023 John Buridan and the Impetus Theory of Projectile Motion 190Human Nature and the Philosophy of the Soul 19524 Augustine on the Soul 19525 Averroës on the Immateriality of the Intellect 19826 Siger of Brabant on the Intellective Soul 20327 Thomas Aquinas on the Nature and Powers of the Human Soul 20728 John Buridan on the Immateriality of the Soul 219Metaphysics, Existence, and Essence 22529 Avicenna on Common Nature 22530 Thomas Aquinas on Being and Essence 22731 John Buridan on Essence and Existence 250God’s Existence and Essence 25532 Augustine on Divine Immutability 25533 Anselm of Canterbury on God’s Existence 25934 Thomas Aquinas on God’s Existence and Simplicity 266Part III Practical Philosophy 303Introduction 303Goodness and Being 30935 Augustine on Evil as the Privation of Goodness 30936 Augustine on the Origin of Moral Evil 31137 Boethius on Being and Goodness 31838 Thomas Aquinas on the Convertibility of Being and Goodness 322Freedom of the Will 32539 Augustine on the “Divided Will” 32540 Boethius on Divine Providence and the Freedom of the Will 33141 Anselm of Canterbury on Free Will 33742 Henry of Ghent on the Primacy of the Will 349Virtues and Happiness 35343 Boethius of Dacia on the Supreme Good 35344 Thomas Aquinas on Happiness 358Divine Law, Natural Law, Positive Law 36145 Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law and Positive Law 36146 John Duns Scotus on Natural Law and Divine Law 375Suggestions for Further Reading 382Index 388

"Klima has produced an impressive volume, with texts on a wide variety of medieval philosophical discussion points that show the range of views and, broadly speaking, the trajectory of historical development on the individual issues. The translations themselves are first rate, several appear for the first time in this volume, and they are accompanied by expert introductions and annotations, as well as by a guide to further reading.... Klima's anthology of medieval philosophical texts will serve well as a course textbook or for a reader interested in getting an idea of some main issues in medieval philosophy and some important medieval views on those issues." (Russell L. Friedman, Medieval Review)