Javier Leach has been director of the Chair of Science, Technology, and Religion Department since its creation in 2003 at the Comillas University in Madrid (Spain). He is also a Jesuit priest. Currently he teaches logic and mathematics in the Department of Computing at the Complutense University of Madrid, one of the main public universities in Spain. He holds degrees in philosophy, mathematics, and theology.

• Preface viiChapter 1: Mathematics and Natural Sciences 3Chapter 2: Metaphysical Language 16Chapter 3: Origins of Mathematics 35Chapter 4: Euclid and Beyond 44Chapter 5: Dawn of Science 55Chapter 6: Mathematics Formalized 67Chapter 7: Propositional Logic 93Chapter 8: Language and Meaning 106Chapter 9: Science, Language, and Religion 120Appendix 1: Syntax of Propositional Logic 133Appendix 2: Semantics of Propositional Logic 136Appendix 3: Syntax of First-Order Logic 139Appendix 4: Semantics of First-Order Logic 143Appendix 5: Numerical Systems:Their Role in First-Order Logic 147

Javier Leach has been director of the Chair of Science, Technology, and Religion Department since its creation in 2003 at the Comillas University in Madrid (Spain). He is also a Jesuit priest. Currently he teaches logic and mathematics in the Department of Computing at the Complutense University of Madrid, one of the main public universities in Spain. He holds degrees in philosophy, mathematics, and theology.

• Preface viiChapter 1: Mathematics and Natural Sciences 3Chapter 2: Metaphysical Language 16Chapter 3: Origins of Mathematics 35Chapter 4: Euclid and Beyond 44Chapter 5: Dawn of Science 55Chapter 6: Mathematics Formalized 67Chapter 7: Propositional Logic 93Chapter 8: Language and Meaning 106Chapter 9: Science, Language, and Religion 120Appendix 1: Syntax of Propositional Logic 133Appendix 2: Semantics of Propositional Logic 136Appendix 3: Syntax of First-Order Logic 139Appendix 4: Semantics of First-Order Logic 143Appendix 5: Numerical Systems:Their Role in First-Order Logic 147

Javier Leach has been director of the Chair of Science, Technology, and Religion Department since its creation in 2003 at the Comillas University in Madrid (Spain). He is also a Jesuit priest. Currently he teaches logic and mathematics in the Department of Computing at the Complutense University of Madrid, one of the main public universities in Spain. He holds degrees in philosophy, mathematics, and theology.

• Preface viiChapter 1: Mathematics and Natural Sciences 3Chapter 2: Metaphysical Language 16Chapter 3: Origins of Mathematics 35Chapter 4: Euclid and Beyond 44Chapter 5: Dawn of Science 55Chapter 6: Mathematics Formalized 67Chapter 7: Propositional Logic 93Chapter 8: Language and Meaning 106Chapter 9: Science, Language, and Religion 120Appendix 1: Syntax of Propositional Logic 133Appendix 2: Semantics of Propositional Logic 136Appendix 3: Syntax of First-Order Logic 139Appendix 4: Semantics of First-Order Logic 143Appendix 5: Numerical Systems:Their Role in First-Order Logic 147