Marine Mammals of the World

Marc Webber is a marine mammal specialist with an undergraduate and graduate degree from San Francisco State University. He has worked as a biologist and refuge manager for non-profit organizations and the US government for his entire career in places all over the country. Among other accomplishments, Dr. Webber has worked with stranded marine mammals, conducted marine mammal and seabird studies by ship and aircraft for NMFS and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in the North and South Pacific, North Atlantic, and Arctic, studied Monk Seals in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Northern Fur Seals at San Miguel and the Pribilof Islands, Walrus in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, Harp Seals in Russia, and Dusky Dolphins in New Zealand. He has done extensive work with stranded marine mammals, co-authored many journal articles and book chapters, and conducted marine mammal and seabird ship and aircraft surveys over most oceans of the world. Dr. Thomas Jefferson’s main interests are the development of marine mammal identification aids, and the systematics and population ecology of the more poorly known species of dolphins and porpoises. His work since receiving his PhD in 1983 has been related to conservation and management of marine mammals threatened by human activities. His current primary research focuses on the conservation biology of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) populations in Hong Kong and surrounding waters. I am also working on other projects looking at the systematics and ecology of these species throughout their ranges. In addition, I am involved in many other projects, including those on the conservation of the critically endangered vaquita (Phocoena sinus) and on the taxonomy and population ecology of common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) Robert L. Pitman is a marine biologist at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, California,and has published extensively on marine birds and mammals. Since 1976 he has averaged 6 months a yearat sea on research vessels operating in all the world’s oceans. His current research interests include ecologyand systematics of killer whales in Antarctica and Australia.

• 1. Introduction1.1 North Atlantic right whale—Eubalaena glacialis1.2 North Pacific right whale—Eubalaena japonica1.3 Southern right whale—Eubalaena australis1.4 Bowhead whale—Balaena mysticetus1.5 Pygmy right whale—Caperea marginate1.6 Blue whale—Balaenoptera musculus1.7 Fin whale—Balaenoptera physalus1.8 Sei whale—Balaenoptera borealis1.9 Bryde’s whale—Balaenoptera edeni2. Basic Marine Mammal Biology3. Taxonomic Groupings Above the Species Level4. Cetaceans4.10 Omura’s whale—Balaenoptera omurai4.11 Rice’s whale—Balaenoptera ricei4.12 Common minke whale—Balaenoptera acutorostrata4.13 Antarctic minke whale—Balaenoptera bonaerensis4.14 Humpback whale—Megaptera novaeangliae4.15 Gray whale—Eschrichtius robustus4.16 Sperm whale—Physeter macrocephalus4.17 Pygmy sperm whale—Kogia breviceps4.18 Dwarf sperm whale—Kogia sima4.19 Baird’s beaked whale—Berardius bairdii4.20 Sato’s beaked whale—Berardius minimus4.21 Arnoux’s beaked whale—Berardius arnuxii4.22 Cuvier’s beaked whale—Ziphius cavirostris4.23 Northern bottlenose whale—Hyperoodon ampullatus4.24 Southern bottlenose whale—Hyperoodon planifrons4.25 Shepherd’s beaked whale—Tasmacetus shepherdi4.26 Blainville’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon densirostris4.27 Important Distinctions of Beaked Whales of the Genus Mesoplodon4.28 Gray’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon grayi4.29 Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale—Mesoplodon ginkgodens4.30 Deraniyagala’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon hotaula4.31 Hector’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon hectori4.32 Perrin’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon perrini4.33 Hubbs’ beaked whale—Mesoplodon carlhubbsi4.34 Pygmy beaked whale—Mesoplodon peruvianus4.35 Sowerby’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon bidens4.36 Gervais’ beaked whale—Mesoplodon europaeus4.37 True’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon mirus4.38 Strap-toothed beaked whale—Mesoplodon layardii4.39 Andrew’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon bowdoini4.40 Stejneger’s beaked whale—Mesoplodon stejnegeri4.41 Spade-toothed beaked whale—Mesoplodon traversii4.42 Longman’s beaked whale—Indopacetus pacificus4.43 Narwhal—Monodon monoceros4.44 Beluga whale—Delphinapterus leucas4.45 Australian snubfin dolphin—Orcaella heinsohni4.46 Irrawaddy dolphin—Orcaella brevirostris4.47 Killer whale—Orcinus orca4.48 Short-finned pilot whale—Globicephala macrorhynchus4.49 Long-finned pilot whale—Globicephala melas4.50 False killer whale—Pseudorca crassidens4.51 Pygmy killer whale—Feresa attenuate4.52 Melon-headed whale—Peponocephala electra4.53 Risso’s dolphin—Grampus griseus4.54 Tucuxi—Sotalia fluviatilis4.55 Guiana dolphin—Sotalia guianensis4.56 Rough-toothed dolphin—Steno bredanensis4.57 Atlantic humpback dolphin—Sousa teuszii4.58 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin—Sousa chinensis4.59 Indian Ocean humpback dolphin—Sousa plumbea4.60 Australian humpback dolphin—Sousa sahulensis4.61 Common bottlenose dolphin—Tursiops truncates4.62 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin—Tursiops aduncus4.63 Pantropical spotted dolphin—Stenella attenuate4.64 Atlantic spotted dolphin—Stenella frontalis4.65 Spinner dolphin—Stenella longirostris4.66 Clymene dolphin—Stenella clymene4.67 Striped dolphin—Stenella coeruleoalba4.68 Common dolphin—Delphinus delphis4.69 Eastern Pacific long-beaked common dolphin—Delphinus bairdii4.70 Fraser’s dolphin—Lagenodelphis hosei4.71 White-beaked dolphin—Lagenorhynchus albirostris4.72 Atlantic white-sided dolphin—Lagenorhynchus acutus4.73 Pacific white-sided dolphin—Lagenorhynchus obliquidens4.74 Dusky dolphin—Lagenorhynchus obscurus4.75 Hourglass dolphin—Lagenorhynchus cruciger4.76 Peale’s dolphin—Lagenorhynchus australis4.77 Northern right whale dolphin—Lissodelphis borealis4.78 Southern right whale dolphin—Lissodelphis peronii4.79 Commerson’s dolphin—Cephalorhynchus commersonii4.80 Heaviside’s dolphin—Cephalorhynchus heavisidii4.81 Hector’s dolphin—Cephalorhynchus hectori4.82 Chilean dolphin—Cephalorhynchus eutropia4.83 Dall’s porpoise—Phocoenoides dalli4.84 Harbor porpoise—Phocoena phocoena4.85 Spectacled porpoise—Phocoena dioptrica4.86 Burmeister’s porpoise—Phocoena spinipinnis4.87 Vaquita—Phocoena sinus4.88 Indo-Pacific finless porpoise—Neophocaena phocaenoides4.89 Narrow-ridged finless porpoise—Neophocaena asiaeorientalis4.90 Ganges River dolphin—Platanista gangetica4.91 Indus River dolphin—Platanista minor4.92 Amazon River dolphin—Inia geoffrensis4.93 Franciscana—Pontoporia blainvillei5. Pinnipeds5.1 Northern fur seal—Call5.2 Hybrid southern hemisphere fur seals genus Arctocephalus5.3 Antarctic fur seal—Arctocephalus gazella5.4 Juan Fernandez and Guadalupe fur seals—Arctocephalus philippii5.5 Galapagos fur seal—Arctocephalus galapagoensis5.6 South American fur seal—Arctocephalus australis5.7 New Zealand fur seal—Arctocephalus forsteri5.8 Subantarctic fur seal—Arctocephalus tropicalis5.9 Cape and Australian fur seals—Arctocephalus pusillus5.10 Hybrid northern hemisphere Otariids5.11 Steller sea lion—Eumetopias jubatus5.12 California sea lion—Zalophus californianus5.13 Galapagos sea lion—Zalophus wollebaeki5.14 South American sea lion—Otaria byronia5.15 Australian sea lion—Neophoca cinerea5.16 New Zealand sea lion—Phocarctos hookeri5.17 Walrus—Odobenus rosmarus5.18 Hawaiian monk seal—Neomonachus schauinslandi5.19 Mediterranean monk seal—Monachus monachus5.20 Ross seal—Ommatophoca rossii5.21 Crabeater seal—Lobodon carcinophaga5.22 Leopard seal—Hydrurga leptonyx5.23 Weddell seal—Leptonychotes weddellii5.24 Southern elephant seal—Mirounga leonine5.25 Northern elephant seal—Mirounga angustirostris5.26 Bearded seal—Erignathus barbatus5.27 Hooded seal—Cystophora cristata5.28 Gray seal—Halichoerus grypus5.29 Ribbon seal—Histriophoca fasciata5.30 Harp seal—Pagophilus groenlandicus5.31 Harbor seal—Phoca vituline5.32 Spotted seal—Phoca largha5.33 Ringed seal—Pusa hispida5.34 Baikal seal—Pusa sibirica5.35 Caspian seal—Pusa capsica6. Sirenians6.1 West Indian manatee—Trichechus manatus6.2 African manatee—Trichechus senegalensis6.3 Amazonian manatee—Trichechus inunguis6.4 Dugong—Dugong dugon7. Otters & Polar Bears7.1 Sea otter—Enhydra lutris7.2 Marine otter—Lontra feline7.3 Polar bear—Ursus maritimus8. Extinct Species8.1 Baiji—Lipotes vexillifer8.2 Japanese sea lion—Zalophus japonicus8.3 Caribbean monk seal—Neomonachus tropicalis8.4 Steller’s sea cow—Hydrodamalis gigas8.5 Sea mink—Neovison macrodon9. Identification Keys9.1 Key to Identification of Cetaceans of the World, Based on External Appearance9.2 Key to Identification of Cetaceans of the World, Based on Skull Morphology9.3 Key to Identification of Baleen Whales of the World, Based on Baleen Plates9.4 Key to Identification of Pinnipeds of the World, Based on External Appearance9.5 Key to Identification of Pinnipeds of the World, Based on Skull Morphology9.6 Key to Identification of Sirenians of the World, Based on External Appearance and Distribution9.7 Key to Identification of Sirenians of the World,