Marine Algae, A Sustainable Food Resource

Joël Fleurence is a professor in the ISOMER laboratory at Nantes University, France. His research focuses on the use of algae in human nutrition. He has contributed to over a hundred international publications and has had several books published.

• Preface ixChapter 1. Algae: Biological and Ecological Characteristics 11.1. The biology of algae 11.1.1. Definition and taxonomy 11.1.2. Development cycles and reproduction 61.1.3. Pigment composition 101.1.4. Size 15 1.2. Ecology of algae 161.3. References 19Chapter 2. Algae Species Used in Human Nutrition 212.1. Phaeophyceae (brown algae) 212.2. Rhodophyceae (red algae) 272.3. Chlorophyceae (green algae) 312.4. Marine microalgae 342.5. References 36Chapter 3. Production Methods 393.1. Context 393.2. Exploitation of natural fields 393.3. Algaculture 443.4. References 56Chapter 4. Biochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Marine Algae 594.1. Introduction 594.2. Carbohydrates 604.2.1. Carbohydrates in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) 604.2.2. Carbohydrates in red algae (Rhodophyceae) 664.2.3. Carbohydrates in green algae (Chlorophyceae) 704.3. Proteins 714.3.1. Brown algae proteins (Phaeophyceae) 714.3.2. Red algae proteins (Rhodophyceae) 724.3.3. Green algae proteins (Chlorophyceae) 784.4. Lipids and fatty acids 814.4.1. Lipids in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) 824.4.2. Fatty acids and sterols in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) 844.4.3. Lipids in red algae (Rhodophyceae) 874.4.4. Fatty acids and sterols in red algae (Rhodophyceae) 894.4.5. Lipids in green algae (Chlorophyceae) 904.4.6. Fatty acids and sterols in green algae (Chlorophyceae) 914.5. Minerals 924.6. Vitamins 954.6.1. Vitamins in unprocessed algae 954.6.2. Vitamins in processed algae 964.7. Nutritional quality 994.7.1. Dietary fiber 994.7.2. Proteins 1024.7.3. Minerals 1064.7.4. In vivo studies 1084.8. References 112Chapter 5. Processing Methods 1195.1. Introduction 1195.2. Drying 1195.2.1. Sun drying or the traditional method 1205.2.2. Ash drying 1225.2.3. Drying by thermal heating 1245.3. Appertization 1265.4. Salting and brining 1275.5. Fast freezing 1315.6. Freeze-drying 1345.7. Fermentation 1355.8. Enzymatic liquefaction or enzymatic hydrolysis 1415.9. Liquid extraction (maceration) 1485.10. Maturation 1505.11. Preservation in seawater 1555.12. References 156Chapter 6. Applications in Human Nutrition 1616.1. Background. 1616.2. Sea vegetables 1616.3. Ingredients and intermediate food products 1736.4. Dietary supplements 1856.5. Some culinary preparations based on algae 1866.6. Iodine intake from algae consumption 1886.7. Phycocolloids (additives) 1956.8. References 199Chapter 7. Regulations Applicable to Algae and Their Use in Food 2037.1. Background. 2037.2. Regulations on seaweed farming 2047.2.1. French regulations on the harvesting of shore seaweed 2047.2.2. French regulations on the harvesting of algae growing in the sea 2057.2.3. French regulations on the harvesting of stranded algae 2057.2.4. Specific provisions for the Mediterranean 2067.2.5. Foreign regulations 2067.3. Regulations on the use of algae in food 2077.3.1. French regulations 2077.3.2. European regulations 2137.3.3. US regulations (United States) 2147.3.4. Other regulations 2167.4. References 218Chapter 8. Outlook 2218.1. Background. 2218.2. Algae: an alternative source of plant protein in human nutrition 2228.3. Algae as functional foods: the specific case of hypoallergenic foods 2238.4. Other cases 2258.5. Algae: an alternative source of vegetable protein in animal feed 2278.5.1. Feeding aquaculture animals (fish farming, abalone farming, pen farming) 2288.5.2. Feeding livestock 2338.6. References 235Conclusion 239Index 241