Managing Research, Development and Innovation

RAVI K. JAIN, PHD, PE, is Dean of the School of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. He has been a Littauer Fellow at Harvard University and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge University. He has published fourteen books, over 150 scholarly papers and technical reports, and has received national recognition for his teaching and scholarly activities. HARRY C. TRIANDIS is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Illinois. He is the author of eight books, including Culture and Social Behavior, Individualism and Collectivism, and Fooling Ourselves: Self-Deception in Politics, Religion, and Terrorism. CYNTHIA W. WEICK is Professor of Management in the Eberhardt School of Business and the School of Engineering and Computer Science at University of the Pacific. Weick was named the Neven C. Hulsey Chair of Business Excellence in 2006, and in 2005, she earned Pacific's Distinguished Faculty Award, which is the University's highest faculty honor.

• Preface xiii1 R&D Organizations and Research Categories 11.1 How Information can be Used 21.2 A Perspective on R&D Management 51.3 What is Research and Development? 61.4 Research Categories 81.5 What to Research 101.6 Emphasis on Basic Versus Applied Research 161.7 What is Unique About Managing R&D Organizations? 171.8 Summary 191.9 Questions for Class Discussion 192 Elements Needed for an R&D Organization 202.1 People 202.2 Specialization 222.3 Staffing 232.4 Ideas 242.5 Defects in Human Information Processing 282.6 Fads in Science 302.7 Communication Networks 312.8 The Innovation Process 342.9 Funds 342.10 A Culture for R&D Organizations 362.11 Not-Invented-Here Syndrome 382.12 Fit of Person and Job 402.13 Creative Tensions: Managing Antithesis and Ambiguity 412.14 Develop a Climate of Participation 442.15 Summary 452.16 Questions for Class Discussion 463 Creating a Productive and Effective R&D Organization 473.1 Organization Effectiveness 473.2 Who are the Inventors and Innovators? 523.3 Odd Characteristics of Inventors and Innovators 583.4 Researcher’s Relationship with Management and Peers 593.5 Formation of Teams 603.6 Generating New Ideas 643.7 Emphases on Aspects of Organizational Culture 683.8 Ethos of A Scientific Community 693.9 Summary 713.10 Questions for Class Discussion 714 Job Design and Organizational Effectiveness 724.1 Job Attributes 734.2 Physical Location and Communication 744.3 Career Paths 764.4 Dual and Triple Hierarchies 784.5 Centralization and Decentralization 804.6 Keeping the Researcher at the Innovation Stage 814.7 Job Design and Conflict 834.8 Summary 864.9 Questions for Class Discussion 875 Influencing People 885.1 Attitude Attitude Change 895.2 Findings from Attitude Research 905.3 Behavioral Science Division Case 925.4 Case Analysis 945.5 Communication Alternatives and Outcomes 955.6 Summary 1015.7 Questions for Class Discussion 1026 Motivation in R&D Organizations 1036.1 A Model of Human Behavior 1046.2 Changing the Reward System to Support Technical Careers 1126.3 Structuring the Organization for Optimal Communication 1136.4 Rewards and Motivation 1146.5 Reward System Discussion 1166.6 Sense of Control and Community 1196.7 A Federal R&D Laboratory Case 1216.8 Summary 1226.9 Questions for Class Discussion 1227 Dealing with Diversity in R&D Organizations 1237.1 Assimilation and Multiculturalism 1247.2 Understanding Culture 1267.3 Cultural Differences 1287.4 What Happens When People from Different Cultures Work Together? 1297.5 Cultural Distance 1307.6 Cultural Intelligence and Related Concepts 1307.7 A Model for Diversity in Groups 1327.8 The Status of Minorities in Work Groups 1357.9 Dealing with People from Different Disciplines, Organizational Levels and Functions 1367.10 Intercultural Training 1367.11 Summary 1397.12 Questions for Class Discussion 1398 Leadership in R&D Organizations 1408.1 Identifying Your Leadership Style 1428.2 Theories of Leadership and Leadership Styles 1518.3 Leadership in R&D Organizations 1548.4 R&D Leadership: A Process of Mutual Influence 1578.5 A Leadership-Style Case 1588.6 Leadership in a Creative Research Environment 1608.7 Summary 1618.8 Questions for Class Discussion 1639 Managing Conflict in R&D Organizations 1649.1 Conflict Within Individuals 1649.2 Conflict Between Individuals 1699.3 Conflict Between Groups 1719.4 Intercultural Conflict 1779.5 Personal Styles of Conflict Resolution 1799.6 Unique Issues of Conflict in R&D Organizations 1819.7 Ethics 1839.8 Summary 1839.9 Questions for Class Discussion 18410 Performance Appraisal—Employee Contribution—In R&D Organizations 18510.1 Some Negative Connotations of Performance Appraisal 18510.2 Difficulties with Employee Appraisal 18710.3 Performance Appraisal and the Management System 18910.4 Performance Appraisal and Organizational Stages 19010.5 Performance Appraisal and Organization Productivity 19010.6 Goals of Engineers Versus Scientists 19110.7 Performance Appraisal and Monetary Rewards 19210.8 Performance Appraisal in Practice 19410.9 A University Department Case 19510.10 Implementation Strategy with Emphasis on Employee Contribution 19610.11 Summary 20310.12 Questions for Class Discussion 20310.13 Appendix: Argonne National Laboratory Performance Review Information 20411 Technology Transfer 21311.1 Technology Transfer Hypotheses 21411.2 Stages of Technology Transfer 21411.3 Approaches and Factors Affecting Technology Transfer 21611.4 Role of the User 21811.5 Characteristics of Innovation and its Diffusion 22011.6 Role of People 22211.7 Boundary Spanning 22311.8 Organizational Issues in Technology Transfer 22611.9 The Agricultural Extension Model 22711.10 NASA Technology Transfer Programs 22811.11 IBM Technology Transfer Cases 22911.12 Technology Transfer Strategy 23111.13 Summary 23611.14 Questions for Class Discussion 23712 Models for Implementing Incremental and Radical Innovation 23812.1 Defining Innovation 23912.2 Strategic Choices in Technological Innovation 24212.3 Making Technological Innovation Operational 24412.4 The Market Marketers, and Market Research in Technological Innovation 24912.5 Leading Innovative Organizations 25312.6 Summary 25412.7 Questions for Class Discussion 25613 Organizational Change in R&D Settings 25713.1 Why Organizational Change? 25813.2 Steps in Organizational Change 25913.3 Problems and Action Steps 25913.4 Individual Change 26213.5 Group Change: Team Building 26413.6 Organizational Change 26713.7 Evaluating Organizational Change 26813.8 Case Study in Organizational Change 27013.9 Summary 27313.10 Questions for Class Discussion 27314 Managing the Network of Technological Innovation 27414.1 Overall Trends Within and Between Sectors 27414.2 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in the Commercial Realm 27614.3 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in the Federal Government 27914.4 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in Universities 28614.5 Open Innovation, Regional Economic Development, and the Global Innovation Network 29014.6 Summary 29414.7 Questions For Class Discussion 29515 Universities and Basic Research 29615.1 Basis for University Research Activities 29715.2 Federal Support of University Research: An Entitlement or a Means to Achieve National Goals? 29815.3 Basic Research: Who Needs It? 30115.4 University–Industry Linkage 30915.5 Rethinking Investment in Basic Research 31115.6 Summary and Concluding Comments 31215.7 Questions for Class Discussion 31316 R&D Organizations and Strategy 31516.1 What is Strategy? 31616.2 Strategy Levels and Perspectives 31916.3 Strategy Formulation and Implementation 31916.4 Strategy Evaluation 32116.5 Strategy and Innovation 32216.6 Technology and Strategy 32416.7 Applying a Strategy Process 32516.8 Summary 33016.9 Questions for Class Discussion 33017 Research Development and Science Policy 33117.1 Relationship Between Science and Technology 33417.2 Technical Innovation and Economic Development 33617.3 Analysis of Investment in Basic Research 33917.4 R&D Expenditure 34017.5 R&D Productivity 34717.6 Global Perspectives on Innovation 35217.7 R&D Expenditure and Science Policy 35717.8 Summary 36217.9 Questions for Class Discussion 363References 364Author Index 383Subject Index 387

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