Major Problems in African American History, Loose-Leaf Version

Barbara Krauthamer is associate professor of history and associate dean of the Graduate School at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She received her bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College and her doctorate from Princeton University. She is the author of two books and many articles on the history of slavery and emancipation. She has written Black Slaves, Indian Masters: Slavery, Emancipation, and Citizenship in the Native American South. She is the coauthor of Envisioning Emancipation: Black Americans and the End of Slavery. The latter book was awarded the 2013 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work in Nonfiction and received Honorable Mention from the Black Caucus of the American Library Association. She has received grants and awards from the Association of Black Women Historians; the National Endowment for the Humanities; Stanford University's Research Institute for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity; Yale University's Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition; the Institute for Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Austin; and the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Her current research focuses on enslaved women's lives during the era of the American Revolution. Chad Williams is associate professor and chair of the Department of African and Afro-American Studies at Brandeis University. Chad Williams earned his BA with honors in History and African American Studies and received both his MA and Ph.D. in History from Princeton University. Williams specializes in African American and modern U.S. history, African American military history, the World War I era, and African American intellectual history. His first book, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era, was published in 2010 by the University of North Carolina Press. Torchbearers of Democracy won the 2011 Liberty Legacy Foundation Award from the Organization of American Historians, the 2011 Distinguished Book Award from the Society for Military History, and designation as a 2011 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title. He is coeditor of Charleston Syllabus: Readings on Race, Racism and Racial Violence, published in 2016 by University of Georgia Press. He has published articles and book reviews in numerous leading journals and collections. Williams has earned fellowships from the American Council of Learned Societies, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the Ford Foundation, and the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. He is currently completing a study of W. E. B. Du Bois and the history of World War I.

• 1. INTERPRETING AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY. DOCUMENTS. The Brownies" Book Encourages Black Children to Know Their History, 1920. Carter G. Woodson on His Goals for Black History, 1922. Arthur (Arturo) Schomburg Provides a History of Black Achievement, 1925. Mary McLeod Bethune on the Contributions and Objectives of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1935. John Hope Franklin Explains the Lonely Dilemma of the American Negro Scholar, 1963. Vincent Harding on the Differences Between Negro History and Black History, 1971. Lucille Clifton on the Nurturing of History, c. 1990. James Oliver Horton, "Slavery in American History: An Uncomfortable National Dialogue." ESSAY. Becoming a Black Woman"s Historian, Darlene Clark Hines. 2. THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: AFRICANS AND THE MIDDLE PASSAGE TO THE AMERICAS. DOCUMENTS. Willem Bosman, a Dutch Trader, Describes the Details of Bargaining for Slaves, 1701. William Snelgrave, an English Trader, Describes the Business of Slave Trading and Two Slave Mutinies, 1734. Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo boy, Describes the Middle Passage. "Tight-Packing" for the Middle Passage, c. 1790s. Narratives of Ashy and Sibell, Two Enslaved Women in Barbados. Newspaper Advertisement for the Sale of African Slaves in Charleston. ESSAY. "The Number of Women Doeth Much Disparayes the Whole Cargoe": The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and West African Gender Roles, Jennifer Morgan. 3. AFRICANS IN THE COLONIAL AMERICAS: NORTH AMERICA AND WEST INDIES. DOCUMENTS. John Rolfe Records the Arrival of African Slaves to Virginia, August 1619. Virginia Lawmakers Distinguish Slaves from Indentured Servants, 1705. Lord Dunmore, a British General, Offers Freedom to Slaves of Colonial Rebels, 1775. Elizabeth Freeman, an Enslaved Woman in Massachusetts Sues for Her Freedom, 1781. Newspaper Notices for South Carolina Slaves Who Escaped from Their Owners. The Haitian Declaration of Independence, 1804. ESSAY. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, Laurent Dubois. 4. AFRICAN CULTURE IN THE AMERICAS. DOCUMENTS. A Grave Decorated in African Style, 1944. George Whitefield, A Religious Revivalist, Encourages Conversion and Education, 1740. Musical Instruments Reflect African Cultural History. Carved Wooden Figures, Made by African Americans in Georgia. Wooden Gravemarkers at Sunbury, Georgia. Carved Masks and Wooden Chains, Made by African Americans in Georgia. Dormer Slaves on St. Simons Island, Georgia Speak about Their History. Ben Sullivan at St. Simons Island. ESSAY. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South, Michael Gomez. 5. SLAVERY AND SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES. DOCUMENTS. Sections from the Constitution of the United States. A Notice for the Sale of Slaves in Virginia, February 17, 1812. Charles Ball Describes Cotton Plantation Labor. James Henry Hammond, a Slaveowner, Instructs His Overseer on the Ideal Disciplinary Regime, c. 1840s. Letters Showing Relations Between Slave Husbands and Wives, 1840-1863. Harriet Jacobs Describes Her Life in Slavery and Her Escape from North Carolina. Choctaw Slaveholder Describes the Health of Her Slaves in Indian Territory. ESSAY. Generations of Captivity, Ira Berlin. 6. FREE BLACK LIFE AND LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. DOCUMENTS. Owner"s Accounts of Black Sailors on the Ship "Peru." David Walker Calls for Free and Enslaved People to Fight Against Slavery. Colored Convention, Recently Held in Portland, ME in The Liberator, October 20, 1850. Proceedings of the First Convention of the Colored Citizens of the State of California, 1855. Sojourner Truth Describes Gaining Her Freedom from Slavery in New York. Photograph of Shakespearean Actor Ira Aldridge. ESSAY. "A Different Measure of Oppression": Leadership and Identity in the Black North, Patrick Rael. 7. RESISTANCE AND REBELLION. DOCUMENTS. "An Account of Negro Insurrection in South Carolina," 1739. Two Virginia Slaves Attempt to Escape to England. Sandy, a Slave, Runs Away from Thomas Jefferson, September 14, 1769. Testimony in the Trial of Gabriel Prosser, Gabriel"s Rebellion, 1800. U.S. Supreme Court Rules Against Dred Scott"s Lawsuit for His Freedom. Harriet Tubman Leads Slaves to Freedom. A Slave Woman Testifies about Killing Her Abusive Master. ESSAY. The Intoxication of Pleasurable Amusement: Secret Parties and the Politics of the Body, Stephanie Camp. 8. ABOLITIONISTS AND ACTIVISTS. DOCUMENTS. Maria Stewart Urges Black People to Challenge Slavery and Racism, March 2, 1833. Henry Highland Garnet Urges Slaves to Resist, August 1843. Fugitive Slave Act, 1850, United States, Statutes at Large. Photograph of Cazenovia Abolitionist Convention, held by Madison County, NY Historical Society. "A Letter to the American Slaves from those who have fled from American Slavery" in The North Star, Sept. 5, 1850. Frederick Douglass Writes about the "Cazenovia Convention" in The North Star, Sept. 5, 1850. British Abolitionist Julia Griffiths Writes about the "Cazenovia Convention" in The North Star, Sept. 5, 1850. ESSAY. "Right Is of No Sex": Reframing the Debate through the Rights of Women. [IS THERE AN AUTHOR FOR THE ABOVE ESSAY? IF SO, CHANGE CLOSING PERIOD TO COMMA AND ADD AUTHOR NAME (with no "by") FOLLOWED BY PERIOD] 9. CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION. DOCUMENTS. The Emancipation Proclamation. Frederick Douglass, "Men of Color, to Arms!" 1863. Notice of the Escape of a Slave Woman Named Dolly. Mother of a Northern Black Soldier Writes to President Lincoln to Protest Unequal Treatment of Black Soldiers, July 31, 1863. Corporal Octave Johnson, a Union Soldier, Describes his Escape from Slavery During the War, 1864. Spotswood Rice, an Ex-Slave Soldier, Seeks to Protect His Children, 1864. Charlotte Forten, "Life on the Sea Islands" 1864, in "Atlantic Monthly," May and June 1864. ESSAY. Everywhere Is Freedom and Everybody Free: The Capital Transformed, Kate Masur. 10. MAKING FREEDOM. DOCUMENTS. The Union Army Grants Freedpeople Land, 1865. Freedmen of Edisto Island, South Carolina, Demand Land, 1865. Captain Charles Soule, Northern Army Officer, Lectures Ex-Slaves on the Responsibilities of Freedom, 1865. Martin Lee, a Freedman, Struggles to Reunite His Family, 1866. Charles Raushenberg, a Freedmen"s Bureau Agent, Reports from Georgia, 1867. Harriet Hernandes, a South Carolina Woman, Testifies Against the Ku Klux Klan, 1871. "Gathering the Dead and Wounded," the Colfax Massacre, 1873. Robert Brown Elliot, Congressman from South Carolina, Delivers Speech in Support of Civil Rights Bill, 1874. ESSAY. "Wild Notions of Right and Wrong" From the Plantation Household to the Wider World, Thavolia Glymph. 11. BLACK PROGRESS AND SURVIVAL ALONG THE COLOR-LINE. DOCUMENTS. Black Southerners Look Toward Kansas, 1877. Ida B. Wells Urges Self-Defense, 1892. A Newspaper Account of the Lynching of Sam Hose, 1899. Black Southerners Appeal to President William McKinley for Federal Protection, 1898-1900. Henry McNeal Turner Writes in Favor of Emigration to Africa, 1891. Fannie Barrier Williams Speaks on the Progress of Black Women, 1893. W. E. B. Du Bois Presents the Appeals of the Pan-African Congress, 1900. ESSAY. "For Colored" and "For White" Segregated Consumption in the South, Grace Elizabeth Hale. 12. FIGHTING FOR CITIZENSHIP, SEARCHING FOR DEMOCRACY. DOCUMENTS. Booker T. Washington Promotes Accommodationism, 1895. Resolutions of the National Association of Colored Women, 1904. Migrants" Letters, 1917. Boston Race Leaders Fight "Birth of a Nation," 1915. Jessie Fauset Analyzes Causes and Significance of the East St. Louis Riot, 1917. W. E. B. Du Bois Advances Black Loyalty during World War I, 1918. ESSAY. Race and Feminism by Deborah Gray White. 13. NEW NEGROES. DOCUMENTS. Walter White, NAACP Assistant Field Secretary, Reports on the Massacre of African Americans in Phillips County, Arkansas, 1919. Claude McKay, "If We Must Die," 1919. Hubert Harrison Identifies Reasons for the Emergence of the "New Negro," 1919. The Messenger Urges Black and White Workers to Organize, 1919. Marcus Garvey Assesses the Situation for Black People, 1922. Amy Jacques Garvey Calls for Black Women to Become Leaders, 1925. Alain Locke, Philosopher, Defines the "New Negro," 1925. ESSAY. A Mobilized Diaspora: The First World War and Black Soldiers as New Negroes, Chad Williams. 14. INTERWAR POLITICS, LABOR, AND CULTURE. DOCUMENTS. Louis Armstrong Defines "Swing" Music, 1936. Zora Neale Hurston, Writer and Anthropologist, Discusses the Evolution of Negro Spirituals, 1934. The Amenia Conference, 1933. Charles Hamilton Houston Lays Out a Legal Strategy for the NAACP, 1935. Ella Baker and Marvel Cooke Describe Exploitation of Black Women Workers During the Great Depression, 1935. Ralph Bunche, Political Scientist, Critiques the New Deal, 1936. A "Black Cabinet" Assembles, 1938. ESSAY. African Americans and the Communist Party -- Derailing the Rape Myth in Scottsboro, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore. 15. WARS FOR FREEDOM AT HOME AND ABROAD. DOCUMENTS. A Call to March on Washington, 1941. Rayford Logan Testifies Against Segregation in the Armed Forces, 1941. A Black Soldier"s Letter to the Pittsburgh Courier About Racial Abuse in the U.S. Army, 1941. Attendees of the Pan-African Congress Challenge Colonialism, 1945. Claudia Jones, Political Activist, Diagnoses the Special Oppression of Black Women, 1949. Richard Wright, Writer, Recalls His Reaction to the Bandung Conference, 1956. Paul Robeson Testifies Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1956. ESSAY. Democracy or Empire? Peggy Von Eschen. 16. THE SECOND RECONSTRUCTION. United States Supreme Court Brown vs. Board of Education Ruling, 1954. Melba Pattillo Beals Recalls Her First Days at Little Rock Central High School, 1957. Robert F. Williams, NAACP Leader, Describes the Need for Armed Self-Defense, 1962. Malcolm X Defines Revolution, 1963. James Bevel, an SCLC Organizer, Mobilizes Birmingham"s Young People, 1963. Fannie Lou Hamer Testifies at Democratic National Convention, 1964. Nina Simone Performs at the Selma to Montgomery March, 1965. ESSAY. Cultural Traditions and the Politicization of Communities, Charles M. Payne. 17. THE SECOND RECONSTRUCTION. DOCUMENTS. SNCC Denounces the Vietnam War, 1966. Bobby Seale Describes the Birth of the Black Panther Party, 1966. Demands of the Olympic Project for Human Rights, 1968. The Gary Declaration, National Black Political Convention, 1972. Shirley Chisholm Announces Her Presidential Campaign, 1972. Combahee River Collective Statement, 1977. Haki Madhubuti, Educator and Poet, Explains the Meaning and Significance of Kwanzaa, 1972. ESSAY. It"s Nation Time: Building a National Black Political Community, Komozi Woodard. 18. PROGRESS AND ITS DISCONTENTS. DOCUMENTS. Ron Dellums, Congressman, Argues in Support of Sanctions Against South Africa. Jesse Jackson Addresses the Democratic National Convention, 1988. Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas Deliver Statements Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, 1991. Kitty Felde, Reporter, Recalls the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising. Cornel West, Philosopher, Examines the State of Black America, 1993. The United States Congress Investigates Rap Music, 1994. Ward Connerly Leads the Assault on Affirmative Action, 1997. ESSAY. Crack in Los Angeles: Crisis, Militarization, and Black Response to the Late Twentieth-Century War on Drugs, Donna Murch. 19. INTO THE 21ST CENTURY AND THE AGE OF OBAMA. DOCUMENTS. Barbara Lee, Congresswoman, Opposes the Use of Military Force After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001. African Americans Seeking Help During Hurricane Katrina, 2005. Senator Barack Obama, Presidential Candidate, Delivers Speech on Race in America, 2008. About the #BlackLivesMatter Network, 2012. Ta-Nehisi Coates, Writer, Critiques President Barack Obama, 2013. Department of Justice Report on Ferguson, Missouri Police Department, 2015. Bree Newsome, Artist and Activist, Removes the Confederate Flag from the South Carolina State Capitol Grounds, 2015. ESSAY. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Michelle Alexander.