Magnesium-Based Energy Storage Materials and Systems

Jianxin Zou, PhD, is Full Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. He has previously worked in both Europe and North America, and has researched extensively into magnesium-based materials and related clean energy subjects. Yanna NuLi, PhD, is Professor in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Her research focuses on rechargable magnesium batteries. Zhigang Hu, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. His research interestes include hydrogen storage materials and carbon capture technologies. Xi Lin, PhD, is Research Assistant Professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. His research concerns hydrogen storage materials and solid-state hydrogen storage systems. Qiuyu Zhang, PhD, is a Research Associate at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Her research focuses hydrogen storage material and the applications in agriculture.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xi1 Overview 11.1 Introduction to Mg-based Hydrogen and Electric Energy Storage Materials 11.2 Overview of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems 21.3 Overview of Mg-ion Batteries 52 Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption in Mg-based Materials and Their Applications 92.1 The Characterizations of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 92.1.1 An Introduction to the Crystal Structure of Mg and MgH 2 92.1.2 Thermodynamic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption of Mg/MgH 2 92.1.3 Kinetic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption of Mg/MgH 2 102.2 Methods for Improving the Hydrogen Storage Performance of Mg-based Materials 142.2.1 Alloying 142.2.2 Catalyzing 182.2.3 Nano-structuring 212.2.4 Combining with Complex Hydrides 282.2.4.1 Combining with Metal Amides 282.2.4.2 Combining with Metal Boronhydrides or Alanates 302.3 Synthesis Technologies for Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 332.3.1 Preparation Methods of Mg-based Alloys 332.3.1.1 Melting-based Methods 352.3.1.2 Hydrogen Combustion Synthesis (HCS) 352.3.1.3 Mechanical Alloying, Compactions and Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Methods 372.3.1.4 Hydriding Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) 392.3.2 Synthesis of Mg-based Materials with Special Structure and Morphology 412.3.2.1 Synthesis of Core–Shell Structured Mg-based Materials 412.3.2.2 Synthesis of Nanostructured Mg-based Materials 442.3.2.3 Synthesis of Amorphous Mg-based Materials 462.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques 462.4.1 Synchrotron Radiation 462.4.2 In-situ TEM 472.4.3 Neutron Diffraction 482.4.4 Theoretical Simulations 502.5 Fundamentals and Applications of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Tanks 522.5.1 An Introduction to Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Tanks 522.5.2 Numerical Modeling 542.5.2.1 Heat Transfer Equations 542.5.2.2 Mass Transfer Equations 552.5.3 Thermal Enhancement Methods 572.5.3.1 Powder Compaction 572.5.3.2 Metal Skeleton 582.5.3.3 Heat Transfer Pipe 582.5.3.4 Phase Change Material (PCM) 582.5.3.5 Thermochemical Material (TCM) 592.5.4 Practical Applications 593 Hydrolysis of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 613.1 Hydrolysis Processes of Mg/MgH 2 623.2 Control of Hydrolysis Processes 633.2.1 Modification of Reaction Mediate 633.2.1.1 Modifying pH Value 633.2.1.2 Effects from Other Cations and Anions 663.2.2 Adding Catalytic Additives 693.2.2.1 Metal Halides 693.2.2.2 Metal Oxides, Sulfides and Hydrides 723.2.2.3 Carbon Additives 733.2.3 Introduction of MgH 2 based Nanostructures 733.2.4 Controlling Hydrolysis Process by Alloying 743.2.4.1 Alloying with Active Metals 743.2.4.2 Alloying with Metals with Higher Corrosion Potential 753.2.4.3 Alloying with Si 773.3 Controllable Hydrolysis Systems 774 Electrolytes for Mg Batteries 814.1 Liquid Electrolytes 814.1.1 Aqueous Liquid Electrolytes 814.1.1.1 Alkaline Solutions 824.1.1.2 Neutral Saline Solutions 824.1.1.3 Seawater and Seawater/Acid Mixed Solutions 834.1.2 Organic Liquid Electrolytes 844.1.2.1 Grignard-based Electrolytes 844.1.2.2 HMDS-based Electrolytes 864.1.2.3 MgCl 2 –AlCl 3 (MACC) Based Electrolytes 864.1.2.4 Mg(TFSI) 2 -based Electrolytes 874.1.2.5 Boron-centered Electrolytes 894.1.2.6 Other Organic Electrolytes 914.2 Solid and Quasi-solid State Electrolytes 934.2.1 Solid-state Electrolytes 934.2.2 Quasi-solid State Electrolytes 955 Cathodes and Anodes for Mg Batteries 975.1 Intercalation-type Cathode Materials 975.1.1 Chevrel Phase, CP (Mo6 T8;T= S, Se, Te) Cathode Materials 975.1.2 V2 O5 –mg2+ Insertion-Type Cathode Materials 1005.1.2.1 Effect of Morphology on V2 O5 1015.1.2.2 Effect of Layer Spacing on V2 O5 1025.1.3 Molybdenum Oxide (MoO3) and Uranium Oxide (α-U3 O8)–Mg2+ Insertion-type Cathode Materials 1055.1.3.1 Molybdenum Oxide (MoO3) Insertion-type Cathode Materials 1055.1.3.2 Uranium Oxide (α-U3 O8) Insertion-type Cathode Materials 1065.1.4 Layered Structure Cathode Materials 1075.1.4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode 1075.1.4.2 Layered Sulfides/Selenide Cathode 1085.1.4.3 Other Layered Cathode 1095.1.5 Spinel Structure Cathode Materials 1095.1.5.1 Spinel Oxide Cathode 1095.1.5.2 Spinel Sulfide Cathode 1105.1.6 Olivine Structure Cathode Materials 1105.1.7 NASICON Structure Cathode Materials 1115.1.8 Carbon-based Materials 1145.1.9 MT2 (M = Metal, T = S, Se) Type Intercalation Cathode Materials 1155.2 Conversion-type Cathode Materials 1175.2.1 Chalcogenides 1185.2.2 Mg—O2 Batteries 1205.2.3 Mg—S Batteries 1225.2.4 Mg—Se Batteries 1265.2.5 Mg—Te Batteries 1265.2.6 Mg—I2 Batteries 1265.3 Organic Cathodes 1275.3.1 Carbonyl Compounds 1275.3.2 Organosulfur Compounds 1295.3.3 Nitrogen-based Compounds 1305.4 Anodes for Mg Batteries 1326 Conclusions and Outlook 137List of Abbreviations 139Chapter 1 139Chapter 2 139Chapter 3 141Chapter 4 141Chapter 5 142References 145Index 161