The three-volume set LNAI 15508-15510 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Machine Learning, Optimization, and Data Science, LOD 2024, held in Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy, during September 22–25, 2024.This year, in the LOD Proceedings decided to also include the papers of the fourth edition of the Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience (ACAIN 2024).The 79 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 127 submissions. The LOD 2024 proceedings focus on machine learning, deep learning, AI, computational optimization, neuroscience and big data that includes invited talks, tutorial talks, special sessions, industrial tracks, demonstrations and oral and poster presentations of refereed papers.