LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution

Dr Stefania Sesia, NXP semiconductors, Valbonne, FranceDr Sesia joined Philips/NXP Semiconductor Research and Development center in Sophia Antipolis, France in 2005. She has been participating to 3GPPRAN 4 and RAN 1 standardization meetings and is the author of several international IEEE conference and journal papers, inventor of numerous US and European patents, and contributions to 3GPP. Her research interests are in the field of communication theory and coding theory and well as system level aspects.Dr Issam Toufik, NXP semiconductors, Valbonne, FranceDr Toufik is currently a Research and Development Engineer at NXP semiconductors, Sophia Antipolis, France. His current research interests are in the area of digital communications, MIMO-OFDM systems, multiple-access, resource allocation, and implementation aspects of digital communication systems. He is the author of several international IEEE conference and journal papers and inventor of numerous patents related to OFDM-MIMO systems.

• Editors’ Biographies List of ContributorsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsList of Acronyms1 Introduction and Background 1Thomas Sälzer and Matthew Baker1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS  11.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution  71.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution  141.4 From Theory to Practice  20References  21Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 232 Network Architecture 25Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin2.1 Introduction  252.2 Overall Architectural Overview  262.3 Protocol Architecture  322.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers  342.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface  402.6 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface  492.7 Summary  55References 553 Control Plane Protocols 57Himke van der Velde3.1 Introduction  573.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 583.3 PLMN and Cell Selection 783.4 Paging  843.5 Summary  86References  864 User Plane Protocols 87Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack  874.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)  894.3 Radio Link Control (RLC)  984.4 Medium Access Control (MAC)  1084.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols  120References  120Part II Physical Layer for Downlink 1215 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock5.1 Introduction  1235.2 OFDM 1255.3 OFDMA 1375.4 Parameter Dimensioning  1395.5 Summary  142References  1426 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145Matthew Baker6.1 Introduction 1456.2 Transmission Resource Structure  1456.3 Signal Structure  1486.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation  149References  1507 Synchronization and Cell Search 151Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia7.1 Introduction  1517.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE  1517.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161References  1638 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov8.1 Introduction  1658.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink  1678.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals  1688.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation  1748.4 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation  1788.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation  1818.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation  1848.7 Advanced Techniques  185References 1869 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley9.1 Introduction  1899.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels  1899.3 Downlink Control Channels  196References  21410 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik10.1 Introduction  21510.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback  21710.3 Channel Coding  22310.4 Conclusions  245References  24611 Multiple Antenna Techniques 249Thomas Sälzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory  24911.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE  26211.3 Summary 276References  27712 Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp12.1 Introduction 27912.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies  28012.3 Scheduling Algorithms 28312.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE  28612.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse  28712.6 Summary  291References  29213 Broadcast Operation 293Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker13.1 Introduction  29313.2 Broadcast Modes  29313.3 Overall MBMS Architecture  29513.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission  29713.5 MBMS Characteristics  30313.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling 30413.7 Public Warning Systems  31213.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes  312References  314Part III Physical Layer for Uplink 31514 Uplink Physical Layer Design 317Robert Love and Vijay Nangia14.1 Introduction  31714.2 SC-FDMA Principles  31814.3 SC-FDMA Design in LTE  32114.4 Summary  325References  32615 Uplink Reference Signals 327Robert Love and Vijay Nangia15.1 Introduction  32715.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation  32815.3 Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning  33215.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping  33315.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) 33515.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS)  33715.7 Summary  340References  34116 Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343Robert Love and Vijay Nangia16.1 Introduction  34316.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure  34416.3 Uplink Control Channel Design  34816.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH  36516.5 ACK/NACK Repetition  36716.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques  36716.7 Summary  369References  36917 Random Access 371Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang17.1 Introduction  37117.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE  37117.3 Random Access Procedure  3727.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design  37617.5 PRACH Implementation  39617.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH  40417.7 Concluding Remarks  405References  40618 Uplink Transmission Procedures 407Matthew Baker18.1 Introduction  40718.2 Uplink Timing Control  40718.3 Power Control  411References  420Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects 42119 User Equipment Positioning 423Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen19.1 Introduction  42319.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning  42519.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning  42619.4 Cell-ID-based Positioning  43119.5 LTE Positioning Protocols  43319.6 Summary and Future Techniques  435References  43620 The Radio Propagation Environment 437Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jämsä20.1 Introduction  43720.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models  43820.3 MIMO Channel Models  44120.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing  45420.5 Concluding Remarks 455References  45521 Radio Frequency Aspects 457Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne21.1 Introduction  45721.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements  45921.3 Transmitter RF Requirements  46221.4 Receiver RF Requirements  47421.5 RF Impairments  49221.6 Summary  500References  50122 Radio Resource Management 503Muhammad Kazmi22.1 Introduction  50322.2 Cell Search Performance  50522.3 Mobility Measurements 51322.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements  51622.5 Mobility Performance 51822.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance 52522.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance 52622.8 Concluding Remarks 528References  52923 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531Nicholas Anderson23.1 Introduction  53123.2 Duplex Modes  53223.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum  53323.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects  54423.5 Reciprocity  55224 Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs 563Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett24.1 Introduction  56324.2 Home eNodeB Architecture  56424.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment  56924.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells  57424.5 Summary  580References  58025 Self-Optimizing Networks 581Philippe Godin25.1 Introduction 58125.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF)  58225.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME  58425.4 Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity  58725.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 58725.6 Mobility Robustness Optimization  59125.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization  59525.8 Energy Saving  59625.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases 597References  59826 LTE System Performance 599Tetsushi Abe26.1 Introduction 59926.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity  59926.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation  60326.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget  60826.5 Summary  610References  611Part V LTE-Advanced 61327 Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615Dirk Gerstenberger27.1 Introduction and Requirements  61527.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced  61827.3 Backward Compatibility  61927.4 Deployment Aspects  62027.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced  621References  62228 Carrier Aggregation 623Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic28.1 Introduction  62328.2 Protocols for Carrier Aggregation  62428.3 Physical Layer Aspects  63128.4 UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects  64828.5 Summary 650References  65029 Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer29.1 Downlink Reference Signals  65129.2 Uplink Reference Signals  65729.3 Downlink MIMO Enhancements  65929.4 Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission  66629.5 Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception  66929.6 Summary  671References 67130 Relaying 673Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa30.1 Introduction  67330.2 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying  67930.3 Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced  68430.4 Summary  699References  69931 Additional Features of LTE Release 10 701Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat31.1 Introduction  70131.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 70131.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 71031.4 Machine-Type Communications 712References 71432 LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance  71532.2 Future Developments  718References  720Index 721