LPIC-1 Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide

Christine Bresnahan is an Adjunct Professor at Ivy Tech Community College. She teaches Linux certification, and Python programming classes. Richard Blum has served as both systems and network administrator roles for UNIX, Linux, Novell, and Microsoft servers. Rich is widely published on Linux, and is a popular online Linux instructor.

• Introduction xxiAssessment Test xxxixPart I Exam 101-500 1Chapter 1 Exploring Linux Command-Line Tools 3Understanding Command-Line Basics 4Discussing Distributions 4Reaching a Shell 5Exploring Your Linux Shell Options 5Using a Shell 7Using Environment Variables 11Getting Help 17Editing Text Files 20Looking at Text Editors 20Understanding vim Modes 24Exploring Basic Text-Editing Procedures 24Saving Changes 27Processing Text Using Filters 28File-Combining Commands 28File-Transforming Commands 31File-Formatting Commands 33File-Viewing Commands 36File-Summarizing Commands 40Using Regular Expressions 45Using grep 45Understanding Basic Regular Expressions 47Understanding Extended Regular Expressions 50Using Streams, Redirection, and Pipes 50Redirecting Input and Output 51Piping Data between Programs 55Using sed 56Generating Command Lines 60Summary 61Exam Essentials 61Review Questions 62Chapter 2 Managing Software and Processes 67Looking at Package Concepts 68Using RPM 69RPM Distributions and Conventions 69The rpm Command Set 71Extracting Data from RPMs 77Using YUM 78Using ZYpp 83Using Debian Packages 86Debian Package File Conventions 87The dpkg Command Set 87Looking at the APT Suite 92Using apt-cache 93Using apt-get 94Reconfiguring Packages 97Managing Shared Libraries 98Library Principles 98Locating Library Files 99Loading Dynamically 100Library Management Commands 100Managing Processes 102Examining Process Lists 102Employing Multiple Screens 109Understanding Foreground and Background Processes 116Managing Process Priorities 120Sending Signals to Processes 121Summary 126Exam Essentials 127Review Questions 129Chapter 3 Configuring Hardware 133Configuring the Firmware and Core Hardware 134Understanding the Role of Firmware 134Device Interfaces 136The /dev Directory 138The /proc Directory 139The /sys Directory 143Working with Devices 144Hardware Modules 148Storage Basics 154Types of Drives 154Drive Partitions 155Automatic Drive Detection 155Storage Alternatives 156Multipath 156Logical Volume Manager 157Using RAID Technology 158Partitioning Tools 158Working with fdisk 158Working with gdisk 161The GNU parted Command 162Graphical Tools 163Understanding Filesystems 164The Virtual Directory 164Maneuvering Around the Filesystem 166Formatting Filesystems 167Common Filesystem Types 167Creating Filesystems 169Mounting Filesystems 170Manually Mounting Devices 170Automatically Mounting Devices 172Managing Filesystems 173Retrieving Filesystem Stats 173Filesystem Tools 173Summary 174Exam Essentials 175Review Questions 177Chapter 4 Managing Files 181Using File Management Commands 182Naming and Listing Files 182Exploring Wildcard Expansion Rules 186Understanding the File Commands 189Compressing File Commands 199Archiving File Commands 202Managing Links 213Managing File Ownership 218Assessing File Ownership 219Changing a File’s Owner 219Changing a File’s Group 220Controlling Access to Files 221Understanding Permissions 221Changing a File’s Mode 223Setting the Default Mode 226Changing Special Access Modes 228Locating Files 229Getting to Know the FHS 229Employing Tools to Locate Files 231Summary 239Exam Essentials 239Review Questions 241Chapter 5 Booting, Initializing, and Virtualizing Linux 245Understanding the Boot Process 246The Boot Process 246Extracting Information about the Boot Process 247Looking at Firmware 249The BIOS Startup 249The UEFI Startup 250Looking at Boot Loaders 251Boot Loader Principles 251Using GRUB Legacy as the Boot Loader 251Using GRUB 2 as the Boot Loader 255Adding Kernel Boot Parameters 259Using Alternative Boot Loaders 260The Initialization Process 261Using the systemd Initialization Process 262Exploring Unit Files 263Focusing on Service Unit Files 265Focusing on Target Unit Files 268Looking at systemctl 270Examining Special systemd Commands 273Using the SysV Initialization Process 276Understanding Runlevels 277Investigating SysVinit Commands 280Stopping the System 283Notifying the Users 284Virtualizing Linux 286Looking at Virtual Machines 287Understanding Containers 291Looking at Infrastructure as a Service 293Summary 295Exam Essentials 295Review Questions 298Part II Exam 102-500 303Chapter 6 Configuring the GUI, Localization, and Printing 305Understanding the GUI 306Understanding the X11 Architecture 307Examining X.Org 308Figuring Out Wayland 309Managing the GUI 311Standard GUI Features 311The X GUI Login System 313Common Linux Desktop Environments 314Providing Accessibility 323Using X11 for Remote Access 325Remote X11 Connections 326Tunneling your X11 Connection 326Using Remote Desktop Software 328Viewing VNC 328Grasping Xrdp 330Exploring NX 332Studying SPICE 332Understanding Localization 333Character Sets 333Environment Variables 334Setting Your Locale 335Installation Locale Decisions 335Changing Your Locale 336Looking at Time 338Working with Time Zones 338Setting the Time and Date 339Configuring Printing 343Summary 345Exam Essentials 346Review Questions 348Chapter 7 Administering the System 353Managing Users and Groups 354Understanding Users and Groups 354Configuring User Accounts 355Configuring Groups 371Managing Email 375Understanding Email 375Choosing Email Software 376Working with Email 377Using Log and Journal Files 384Examining the syslog Protocol 385Viewing the History of Linux Logging 387Logging Basics Using rsyslogd 387Journaling with systemd-journaldd 394Maintaining the System Time 403Understanding Linux Time Concepts 403Viewing and Setting Time 404Understanding the Network Time Protocol 408Using the NTP Daemon 411Using the chrony Daemon 413Summary 416Exam Essentials 416Review Questions 419Chapter 8 Configuring Basic Networking 423Networking Basics 424The Physical Layer 424The Network Layer 426The Transport Layer 430The Application Layer 431Configuring Network Features 433Network Configuration Files 433Graphical Tools 436Command-Line Tools 438Getting Network Settings Automatically 445Bonding Network Cards 445Basic Network Troubleshooting 447Sending Test Packets 447Tracing Routes 448Finding Host Information 449Advanced Network Troubleshooting 452The netstat  Command 452Examining Sockets 455The netcat Utility 456Summary 457Exam Essentials 458Review Questions 460Chapter 9 Writing Scripts 465Shell Variables 466Global Environment Variables 466Local Environment Variables 468Setting Local Environment Variables 470Setting Global Environment Variables 472Locating System Environment Variables 472Using Command Aliases 474The Basics of Shell Scripting 475Running Multiple Commands 475Redirecting Output 476Piping Data 477The Shell Script Format 478Running the Shell Script 479Advanced Shell Scripting 481Displaying Messages 481Using Variables in Scripts 482Command-Line Arguments 484Getting User Input 484The Exit Status 488Writing Script Programs 489Command Substitution 489Performing Math 490Logic Statements 492Loops 496Functions 498Running Scripts in Background Mode 500Running in the Background 501Running Multiple Background Jobs 502Running Scripts Without a Console 503Sending Signals 504Interrupting a Process 504Pausing a Process 504Job Control 506Viewing Jobs 506Restarting Stopped Jobs 508Running Like Clockwork 509Scheduling a Job Using the at Command 509Scheduling Regular Scripts 513Summary 515Exam Essentials 516Review Questions 518Chapter 10 Securing Your System 523Administering Network Security 524Disabling Unused Services 524Using Super Server Restrictions 534Restricting via TCP Wrappers 538Administering Local Security 539Securing Passwords 539Limiting root Access 543Auditing User Access 547Setting Login, Process, and Memory Limits 549Locating SUID/SGID Files 551Exploring Cryptography Concepts 553Discovering Key Concepts 553Securing Data 554Signing Transmissions 555Looking at SSH 555Exploring Basic SSH Concepts 555Configuring SSH 558Generating SSH Keys 560Authenticating with SSH Keys 561Authenticating with the Authentication Agent 564Tunneling 565Using SSH Securely 567Using GPG 567Generating Keys 568Importing Keys 569Encrypting and Decrypting Data 570Signing Messages and Verifying Signatures 571Revoking a Key 573Summary 574Exam Essentials 575Review Questions 577Appendix Answers to Review Questions 583Chapter 1: Exploring Linux Command-Line Tools 584Chapter 2: Managing Software and Processes 587Chapter 3: Configuring Hardware 590Chapter 4: Managing Files 593Chapter 5: Booting, Initializing, and Virtualizing Linux 597Chapter 6: Configuring the GUI, Localization, and Printing 601Chapter 7: Administering the System 605Chapter 8: Configuring Basic Networking 608Chapter 9: Writing Scripts 611Chapter 10: Securing Your System 615 Index 619