Low-Voltage CMOS Operational Amplifiers

This text discusses both single and two-stage architectures. Op amps with constant-GM input stage are designed and their excellent performance over the rail-to-rail input common mode range is demonstrated. The first set of CMOS constant-GM input stages was introduced by a group from Technische Universiteit, Delft and Universiteit Twente, The Netherlands. These earlier versions of circuits are discussed, along with new circuits developed at the Ohio State University. The design, fabrication (MOSIS Tiny Chips), and characterization of the new circuits is demonstrated. Basic analog integrated circuit design concepts should be understood in order to fully appreciate the work presented. However, the topics are presented in a logical order and the circuits are explained in detail, so this book can be read by those without much experience in analog circuit design. It should be a useful reference book, and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.