Professor Duncan Bruce graduated from the University of Liverpool (UK), where he also gained his PhD. In 1984, he took up a Temporary Lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Sheffield and was awarded a Royal Society Warren Research Fellowship. He was then appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and later Senior Lecturer and co-director of the Sheffield Centre for Molecular Materials. In 1995, he was appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Exeter. Following the closure of Exeter's chemistry department in 2005, Professor Bruce took up his present position as Professor of Materials Chemistry in York. He is currently Chair of the Royal Society of Chemistry Materials Chemistry Forum. His current research interests include liquid crystals and silicates. His work has been recognized by various awards including the British Liquid Crystal Society's first Young Scientist prize and the RSC's Sir Edward Frankland Fellowship and Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize. He has held visiting positions in Australia, France, Japan and Italy. Dr. Richard Walton, who was also formerly based in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Exeter, now works in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Warwick. His research group works in the area of solid-state materials chemistry and has a number of projects focusing upon the synthesis, structural characterization and properties of inorganic materials.Dermot O'Hare is Professor in the Chemistry Research Laboratory at the University of Oxford.His research group has a wide range of research interests. They all involve synthetic chemistry ranging from organometallic chemistry to the synthesis of new microporous solids.Duncan Bruce and Dermot O'Hare have edited several editions of Inorganic Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

• Inorganic Materials Series Preface ixPreface xiList of Contributors xiii1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1Alan V. Chadwick and Shelly L.P. Savin1.1 Introduction 11.2 Oxide Types; Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity 41.3 Preparation of Nanoionic Materials 101.4 Characterisation 11.4.1 Determination of Particle Size and Dispersion 131.4.2 Characterisation of Microstructure 161.4.3 Transport Measurements 201.5 Review of the Current Experimental Data and their Agreement with Theory 301.5.1 Microstructure 301.5.2 Transport 311.5.3 Mechanical Properties 421.5.4 Magnetic Properties 441.6 Applications 461.6.1 Gas Sensors 461.6.2 Batteries 501.6.3 Fuel Cells 541.6.4 Catalysis and Adsorption 551.6.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanocrystalline Oxides 601.7 Overview and Prospects 62References 652 Inorganic Nanotubes and Nanowires 77C.N.R. Rao, S.R.C. Vivekchand and A. Govindaraj2.1 Introduction 772.2 Inorganic Nanotubes 782.2.1 Synthesis 792.2.2 Functionalisation and Solubilisation 1142.2.3 Properties and Applications 1152.3 Nanowires 1162.3.1 Synthesis 1162.3.2 Self-Assembly and Functionalisation 1272.3.3 Properties and Applications 1302.4 Outlook 145References 1463 Biomedical Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 163Jin-Ho Choy, Jae-Min Oh and Dae-Hwan Park3.1 Introduction 1633.1.1 Layered Nanohybrids 1633.1.2 Layered Nanomaterials 1643.2 Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 1673.2.1 Layered Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 1673.2.2 Cellular Uptake Pathway of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 1743.2.3 Targeting Effect of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 1783.3 Nanomaterials for DNA Molecular Code System 1803.3.1 Genetic Molecular Code in DNA 1803.3.2 Chemically and Biologically Stabilised DNA in Layered Nanoparticles 1803.3.3 Invisible DNA Molecular Code System for Ubiquitous Application 1833.4 Conclusion 184References 1844 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures 189M. Ángeles Herranz, Juan Luis Delgado and Nazario Martín4.1 Introduction 1894.2 Endohedral Fullerenes 1914.2.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 1914.2.2 Surgery of Fullerenes 1974.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2004.3.1 Covalent Functionalisation 2014.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalisation 2054.3.3 Endohedral Functionalisation 2084.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Forms 2094.4.1 Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes 2094.4.2 Carbon Nanohorns 2104.4.3 Carbon Nanobuds 2114.4.4 Carbon Nanotori 2124.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 2134.6 Graphenes 2164.7 Summary and Outlook 219Acknowledgements 219References 2205 Magnesium Diboride MgB 2 : A Simple Compound with Important Physical Properties 229Michael Pissas5.1 Introduction 2295.1.1 Electronic Structure of MgB 2 2325.1.2 Substitutions in MgB 2 Superconductor 2355.2 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed MgB 2 2365.2.1 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed Polycrystalline MgB 2 2365.2.2 Single Crystal Growth of Pristine and Alloyed MgB 2 2455.3 Physical Properties of MgB 2 2465.3.1 Boron Isotope Effect 2465.3.2 Evidence for Two Energy Gaps in MgB 2 2485.3.3 Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature on Hydrostatic Pressure 2495.3.4 Resistivity Measurements in MgB 2 2505.4 Flux Line Properties in Single Crystals of MgB 2 , Mg 1 x Al x B 2 and Mgb 2 x c x 2565.4.1 Type II Superconductors 2565.4.2 Flux Line Properties of Pristine MgB 2 2595.4.3 Aluminium Substituted Single Crystals 2665.4.4 Carbon Substituted Single Crystals 2715.4.5 Two-Band Superconductivity and Possible Implications on the Vortex Matter Phase Diagram 2755.5 Conclusions 278References 278Index 287

"Introducing topics such as novel layered superconductors, inorganic-DNA delivery systems and the chemistry and physics of inorganic nanotubes and nanosheets, Low-Dimensional Solids discusses some of the most exciting concepts in this developing field". (Centre Daily Times, 19 January 2011)

Professor Duncan Bruce graduated from the University of Liverpool (UK), where he also gained his PhD. In 1984, he took up a Temporary Lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Sheffield and was awarded a Royal Society Warren Research Fellowship. He was then appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and later Senior Lecturer and co-director of the Sheffield Centre for Molecular Materials. In 1995, he was appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Exeter. Following the closure of Exeter's chemistry department in 2005, Professor Bruce took up his present position as Professor of Materials Chemistry in York. He is currently Chair of the Royal Society of Chemistry Materials Chemistry Forum. His current research interests include liquid crystals and silicates. His work has been recognized by various awards including the British Liquid Crystal Society's first Young Scientist prize and the RSC's Sir Edward Frankland Fellowship and Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize. He has held visiting positions in Australia, France, Japan and Italy. Dr. Richard Walton, who was also formerly based in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Exeter, now works in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Warwick. His research group works in the area of solid-state materials chemistry and has a number of projects focusing upon the synthesis, structural characterization and properties of inorganic materials.Dermot O'Hare is Professor in the Chemistry Research Laboratory at the University of Oxford.His research group has a wide range of research interests. They all involve synthetic chemistry ranging from organometallic chemistry to the synthesis of new microporous solids.Duncan Bruce and Dermot O'Hare have edited several editions of Inorganic Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

• Inorganic Materials Series Preface ixPreface xiList of Contributors xiii1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1Alan V. Chadwick and Shelly L.P. Savin1.1 Introduction 11.2 Oxide Types; Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity 41.3 Preparation of Nanoionic Materials 101.4 Characterisation 11.4.1 Determination of Particle Size and Dispersion 131.4.2 Characterisation of Microstructure 161.4.3 Transport Measurements 201.5 Review of the Current Experimental Data and their Agreement with Theory 301.5.1 Microstructure 301.5.2 Transport 311.5.3 Mechanical Properties 421.5.4 Magnetic Properties 441.6 Applications 461.6.1 Gas Sensors 461.6.2 Batteries 501.6.3 Fuel Cells 541.6.4 Catalysis and Adsorption 551.6.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanocrystalline Oxides 601.7 Overview and Prospects 62References 652 Inorganic Nanotubes and Nanowires 77C.N.R. Rao, S.R.C. Vivekchand and A. Govindaraj2.1 Introduction 772.2 Inorganic Nanotubes 782.2.1 Synthesis 792.2.2 Functionalisation and Solubilisation 1142.2.3 Properties and Applications 1152.3 Nanowires 1162.3.1 Synthesis 1162.3.2 Self-Assembly and Functionalisation 1272.3.3 Properties and Applications 1302.4 Outlook 145References 1463 Biomedical Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 163Jin-Ho Choy, Jae-Min Oh and Dae-Hwan Park3.1 Introduction 1633.1.1 Layered Nanohybrids 1633.1.2 Layered Nanomaterials 1643.2 Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 1673.2.1 Layered Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 1673.2.2 Cellular Uptake Pathway of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 1743.2.3 Targeting Effect of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 1783.3 Nanomaterials for DNA Molecular Code System 1803.3.1 Genetic Molecular Code in DNA 1803.3.2 Chemically and Biologically Stabilised DNA in Layered Nanoparticles 1803.3.3 Invisible DNA Molecular Code System for Ubiquitous Application 1833.4 Conclusion 184References 1844 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures 189M. Ángeles Herranz, Juan Luis Delgado and Nazario Martín4.1 Introduction 1894.2 Endohedral Fullerenes 1914.2.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 1914.2.2 Surgery of Fullerenes 1974.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2004.3.1 Covalent Functionalisation 2014.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalisation 2054.3.3 Endohedral Functionalisation 2084.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Forms 2094.4.1 Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes 2094.4.2 Carbon Nanohorns 2104.4.3 Carbon Nanobuds 2114.4.4 Carbon Nanotori 2124.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 2134.6 Graphenes 2164.7 Summary and Outlook 219Acknowledgements 219References 2205 Magnesium Diboride MgB 2 : A Simple Compound with Important Physical Properties 229Michael Pissas5.1 Introduction 2295.1.1 Electronic Structure of MgB 2 2325.1.2 Substitutions in MgB 2 Superconductor 2355.2 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed MgB 2 2365.2.1 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed Polycrystalline MgB 2 2365.2.2 Single Crystal Growth of Pristine and Alloyed MgB 2 2455.3 Physical Properties of MgB 2 2465.3.1 Boron Isotope Effect 2465.3.2 Evidence for Two Energy Gaps in MgB 2 2485.3.3 Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature on Hydrostatic Pressure 2495.3.4 Resistivity Measurements in MgB 2 2505.4 Flux Line Properties in Single Crystals of MgB 2 , Mg 1 x Al x B 2 and Mgb 2 x c x 2565.4.1 Type II Superconductors 2565.4.2 Flux Line Properties of Pristine MgB 2 2595.4.3 Aluminium Substituted Single Crystals 2665.4.4 Carbon Substituted Single Crystals 2715.4.5 Two-Band Superconductivity and Possible Implications on the Vortex Matter Phase Diagram 2755.5 Conclusions 278References 278Index 287

"Introducing topics such as novel layered superconductors, inorganic-DNA delivery systems and the chemistry and physics of inorganic nanotubes and nanosheets, Low-Dimensional Solids discusses some of the most exciting concepts in this developing field". (Centre Daily Times, 19 January 2011)

Professor Duncan Bruce graduated from the University of Liverpool (UK), where he also gained his PhD. In 1984, he took up a Temporary Lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Sheffield and was awarded a Royal Society Warren Research Fellowship. He was then appointed Lecturer in Chemistry and later Senior Lecturer and co-director of the Sheffield Centre for Molecular Materials. In 1995, he was appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Exeter. Following the closure of Exeter's chemistry department in 2005, Professor Bruce took up his present position as Professor of Materials Chemistry in York. He is currently Chair of the Royal Society of Chemistry Materials Chemistry Forum. His current research interests include liquid crystals and silicates. His work has been recognized by various awards including the British Liquid Crystal Society's first Young Scientist prize and the RSC's Sir Edward Frankland Fellowship and Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize. He has held visiting positions in Australia, France, Japan and Italy. Dr. Richard Walton, who was also formerly based in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Exeter, now works in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Warwick. His research group works in the area of solid-state materials chemistry and has a number of projects focusing upon the synthesis, structural characterization and properties of inorganic materials.Dermot O'Hare is Professor in the Chemistry Research Laboratory at the University of Oxford.His research group has a wide range of research interests. They all involve synthetic chemistry ranging from organometallic chemistry to the synthesis of new microporous solids.Duncan Bruce and Dermot O'Hare have edited several editions of Inorganic Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

• Inorganic Materials Series Preface ixPreface xiList of Contributors xiii1 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 1Alan V. Chadwick and Shelly L.P. Savin1.1 Introduction 11.2 Oxide Types; Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity 41.3 Preparation of Nanoionic Materials 101.4 Characterisation 11.4.1 Determination of Particle Size and Dispersion 131.4.2 Characterisation of Microstructure 161.4.3 Transport Measurements 201.5 Review of the Current Experimental Data and their Agreement with Theory 301.5.1 Microstructure 301.5.2 Transport 311.5.3 Mechanical Properties 421.5.4 Magnetic Properties 441.6 Applications 461.6.1 Gas Sensors 461.6.2 Batteries 501.6.3 Fuel Cells 541.6.4 Catalysis and Adsorption 551.6.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanocrystalline Oxides 601.7 Overview and Prospects 62References 652 Inorganic Nanotubes and Nanowires 77C.N.R. Rao, S.R.C. Vivekchand and A. Govindaraj2.1 Introduction 772.2 Inorganic Nanotubes 782.2.1 Synthesis 792.2.2 Functionalisation and Solubilisation 1142.2.3 Properties and Applications 1152.3 Nanowires 1162.3.1 Synthesis 1162.3.2 Self-Assembly and Functionalisation 1272.3.3 Properties and Applications 1302.4 Outlook 145References 1463 Biomedical Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 163Jin-Ho Choy, Jae-Min Oh and Dae-Hwan Park3.1 Introduction 1633.1.1 Layered Nanohybrids 1633.1.2 Layered Nanomaterials 1643.2 Nanomaterials for Biological Applications 1673.2.1 Layered Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 1673.2.2 Cellular Uptake Pathway of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 1743.2.3 Targeting Effect of Drug-Inorganic Nanohybrids 1783.3 Nanomaterials for DNA Molecular Code System 1803.3.1 Genetic Molecular Code in DNA 1803.3.2 Chemically and Biologically Stabilised DNA in Layered Nanoparticles 1803.3.3 Invisible DNA Molecular Code System for Ubiquitous Application 1833.4 Conclusion 184References 1844 Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures 189M. Ángeles Herranz, Juan Luis Delgado and Nazario Martín4.1 Introduction 1894.2 Endohedral Fullerenes 1914.2.1 Endohedral Metallofullerenes 1914.2.2 Surgery of Fullerenes 1974.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2004.3.1 Covalent Functionalisation 2014.3.2 Noncovalent Functionalisation 2054.3.3 Endohedral Functionalisation 2084.4 Other Carbon Nanotube Forms 2094.4.1 Cup-Stacked Carbon Nanotubes 2094.4.2 Carbon Nanohorns 2104.4.3 Carbon Nanobuds 2114.4.4 Carbon Nanotori 2124.5 Carbon Nano-Onions 2134.6 Graphenes 2164.7 Summary and Outlook 219Acknowledgements 219References 2205 Magnesium Diboride MgB 2 : A Simple Compound with Important Physical Properties 229Michael Pissas5.1 Introduction 2295.1.1 Electronic Structure of MgB 2 2325.1.2 Substitutions in MgB 2 Superconductor 2355.2 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed MgB 2 2365.2.1 Preparation of Pure and Alloyed Polycrystalline MgB 2 2365.2.2 Single Crystal Growth of Pristine and Alloyed MgB 2 2455.3 Physical Properties of MgB 2 2465.3.1 Boron Isotope Effect 2465.3.2 Evidence for Two Energy Gaps in MgB 2 2485.3.3 Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature on Hydrostatic Pressure 2495.3.4 Resistivity Measurements in MgB 2 2505.4 Flux Line Properties in Single Crystals of MgB 2 , Mg 1 x Al x B 2 and Mgb 2 x c x 2565.4.1 Type II Superconductors 2565.4.2 Flux Line Properties of Pristine MgB 2 2595.4.3 Aluminium Substituted Single Crystals 2665.4.4 Carbon Substituted Single Crystals 2715.4.5 Two-Band Superconductivity and Possible Implications on the Vortex Matter Phase Diagram 2755.5 Conclusions 278References 278Index 287

"Introducing topics such as novel layered superconductors, inorganic-DNA delivery systems and the chemistry and physics of inorganic nanotubes and nanosheets, Low-Dimensional Solids discusses some of the most exciting concepts in this developing field". (Centre Daily Times, 19 January 2011)