Locus of Authority

William G. Bowen (1933-2016) was president emeritus of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and Princeton University and founding chairman of ITHAKA.. His many books included The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions (with Derek Bok) (Princeton). Eugene M. Tobin is senior program officer for higher education and scholarship in the humanities at the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and former president of Hamilton College.

• PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Historical Overview, Part 1-From the Beginnings to World War II 13 Antecedents in Europe and Colonial America 14 The Emergence of the Research University 27 Control of Faculty Personnel Decisions-and Issues of Academic Freedom 34 World War I and the Interwar Years 45 3 Historical Overview, Part 2-World War II to the Present 67 World War II and the Growth of Sponsored Research 68 The "Red Scare" and the Loyalty Oath Controversies 70 The Explosive Expansion of Higher Education, Leading to the "Golden Age" of the 1960s 77 Protests and Rebellions 87 Retrenchment in the 1970s-and Subsequent Ups and Downs 98 The Real Estate "Bubble" Breaks-and Fiscal/Political Realities Take Hold (or Do They?) 109 The Impact of Experiments with Online Learning 112 The Pathways Initiative at CUNY 127 4 Faculty Roles Today and Tomorrow-Topical Issues 131 The Selection and Tenure of the President 133 The Faculty Appointment Process-Criteria and Decision-Making Authority 139 The Role of the Faculty in Giving Advice of All Kinds 142 The Role of Faculty in Staffing Decisions-and the Rise of Non-Tenure-Track Faculty (the New Majority) 151 Faculty Responsibility for Maintaining Academic Standards in Admissions, Curricular Content, and Student Performance 165 Control over New Teaching Methods-Online Learning 169 5 Overarching Challenges 177 Confronting Trade-offs and the Need for Upfront Consideration of Costs 177 Aligning Roles and Responsibilities 182 Coping with an Ever-Changing Academic Landscape 189 Clarifying Notions of "Academic Freedom" 201 Rethinking "Shared Governance" 205 Case Studies 213 Introduction to the Case Studies 213 The University of California 217 Princeton University 261 Macalester College 291 The City University of New York 315 INDEX 361

Winner of the 2016 PROSE Award in Education Theory, Association of American Publishers "[An] eloquent exposition."--Inside Higher Education "William Bowen and Eugene Tobin's new book, Locus of Authority: The Evolution of Faculty Roles in the Governance of Higher Education, has just been published: anyone interested in the governance of universities and colleges should read it."--Henry Farrell, Washington Monthly "Compelling...Locus of Authorityis worth reading... as an invitation to a conversation that is relevant to students, alumni and taxpayers as well as higher education 'insiders.'"--Glenn C. Altschuler, Huffington Post "Through a sweeping yet incisive history, Bowen and Tobin ... present best practices for allowing American education to remain an engine of upward mobility and, thus, a guarantor of global competitiveness. Fortunately, the authors are highly qualified to examine this issue of tremendous import... Locus of Authority is an obligatory study for anyone involved with higher education. It's additionally a must-read for anyone concerned with the fate of American society."--Jonathan Bronitsky, Key Reporter "[A] thoughtful, well-informed conversation."--Choice "We are often so frustrated by each other that we squander the energy crucially required to defend the liberal arts by fighting amongst ourselves. As William G. Bowen and Eugene M. Tobin amply argue... there is much misunderstanding and suspicion on both sides... [Locus of Authority] is extremely thoughtful and detailed in regard to all aspects of a crisis long neglected, and indispensable reading for both sides of the divide."--Chronicle of Higher Education