Liquid Democracy

YU-SHAN TSENG is an Anniversary Research Fellow at the School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, UK. Her research explores the intersections of digital platforms, democracy, and urban geographies, with a focus on participatory governance and algorithmic systems. Tseng’s work has been widely published in leading journals, including Social and Cultural Geography, Urban Studies, and Big Data and Society.

• List of Figures and Table xAcknowledgements xiIntroduction: Approaching Democracy from the Field xv1 Democracy in the Age of Platformisation 11.1 Reproblematising Democracy in the Age of Platformisation 11.2 Meeting ‘Differences’ of Democracy at the Intersections 31.3 Democratisations, Occupy Movements and Global Circulations 101.4 A Liquid Comparison and Epistemology 141.5 Liquid Conditions for Democracy in Digital and Urban Worlds 212 Dissolving Democratic Theories into Larger Worlds 252.1 Correct Ontologies, Normative Claims and Universal Assumptions in Democratic Theories 282.1.1 Aggregative democracy 282.1.2 Participatory democracy and consensus democracy 292.1.3 Radical democracy 312.1.4 Digital democracies the slippery tyranny of normative principles 342.1.5 Feminist and post-colonial democracy 362.1.6 Post-structuralist democracy Jacques Derrida 382.2 Democracy In-The- World Ontologies: More- Than-Human, Liquidity and Multiplicity 392.2.1 Democracy as convergent movements: between different powers and times 442.2.2 Plural democracy keeping political boundaries fluid 472.2.3 Everyday/ordinary democracy 482.3 From a Correct Democracy to Democratic Multiplicity 543 DDPs at Comparative Conjunctures 563.1 Movements, Calculus and Futures 563.2 Convergent Democratic Movements Underpinning the DDPs 583.2.1 Madrid: between political consensus and (dis) alliance for democracy 603.2.2 Taipei: political consensus for democratisation and neoliberal development 653.2.3 Helsinki: political consensus around Finlandisation and neoliberal urbanisation 693.3 On Risk Calculus and Democratic Futures 733.3.1 vTaiwan: securing an undivided democratic future against geopolitical tension 743.3.2 Decide Madrid and OmaStadi: global neoliberal futures for the simple majority 773.3.3 Uncounted democratic futures in urban and digital worlds 803.4 Orienting Towards Different Democratic Futures 824 Frictions for Care Democracy 854.1 Gamification as a New Digital Solution and Environment for Democracy 854.2 Friction as Contestations 894.2.1 Decide Madrid 904.2.2 OmaStadi 924.2.3 vTaiwan 954.3 Tactical Friction: Power, Knowledge Inequalities and Care 974.3.1 Decide Madrid 984.3.2 OmaStadi 1024.3.3 vTaiwan 1044.4 Frictions as Ordinary Rhythms for Care Democracy 1065 Algorithmic Reordering for Plural Democracy 1095.1 Reordering as a Liquid Condition for Plural Democracy 1095.2 vTaiwan: Reordering Plural Opinions for Uber Legalisation 1115.2.1 Plural Opinions from Algorithmic Reordering 1125.2.2 Human in the Making of the Binary Propositions 1185.3 Decide Madrid: Reordering Issues into Urban Services and Infrastructures 1215.3.1 (Re)ordering majoritarian urban issues 1235.3.2 En Route to Institutional Implementation 1255.4 Reordering in Decision-Making for Liquid Plural Democracy 1316 Urban Thrown-Togetherness for Ordinary Democracy 1346.1 Introduction 1346.2 Challenging Neoliberal Trends in Helsinki 1376.2.1 A social experiment for the everyday struggles of drug abusers 1376.2.2 When welfare services fade away the elderly’s struggles over budget-cutting 1406.2.3 Fighting against time to save an urban cultural space from decay and privatisation 1436.3 Decide Madrid: Collective Presence for Alternative Urban Futures 1466.3.1 A la Nave Daoiz y Velarde 1476.3.2 Weaving layers of knowledge into alternative urban futures the Legazpi market 1506.4 Thrown-togetherness in Liquid Temporal-Geographies for Ordinary Democracy 1537 Moving on with Liquid Democracy 1577.1 Seeing Democracy Like Water 1577.2 Becoming with the Liquid Worlds for Policymaking 1667.3 Where to Look for Democratic Futures 171References 175Index 194

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