Lichen-Derived Products

Mohd Yusuf received his PhD from the Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India in 2013. He is now an Assistant Professor at D/O Chemistry, YMD College, M. D. University, Nuh, Haryana, India. He has published more than 50 publications including research and review articles, as well as book chapters in edited volumes. He edited Handbook of Renewable Materials for Coloration and Finishing (Wiley-Scrivener) in 2018.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects 11 An Overview on Lichen’s Morphology, Chemistry of Derived Products, and Current Scenario 3Mohd Yusuf1.1 Introduction 31.2 The Lichen’s Body: Thallus Morphology 41.2.1 Foliose 91.2.2 Fruiticose 91.2.3 Squamulose Lichens 91.2.4 Crustose 91.2.5 Placodioid/Crustose-Placodioid/Squamulose-Placodioid 91.2.6 Leprose 101.2.7 Filamentous Lichens 101.2.8 Without any Definite Shape or Lichens Without any Visible Thallus 101.3 Chemistry of Lichen-Derived Products 101.4 Current Scenario of Lichens and Derived Products Thereof 181.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 23References 242 Comparative Perspectives on Extraction Methods for Organic Metabolites and Pollutants from Lichens 27Patricia Forbes, Leandri van der Wat and Johanna Strumpher2.1 Introduction 282.1.1 Organic Lichen-Derived Compounds 292.1.1.1 Organic Air Pollutants 292.1.1.2 Lichen Metabolites 292.2 Sample Preparation and Solvent Extraction 442.3 Extraction of Organic Air Pollutants 452.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction 452.3.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 462.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 502.3.4 QuEChERS 512.3.5 Other Extraction Methods 522.4 Extraction of Lichen Metabolites 532.4.1 Traditional Approaches 542.4.1.1 Boiling Extraction 542.4.1.2 Shaking 542.4.1.3 Ammonia Extraction 542.4.2 Alternative Extraction Approaches for Lichen Metabolites 542.4.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction 542.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Extraction 552.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction 552.4.2.4 QuEChERS 552.4.2.5 Solid Phase Microextraction 562.4.2.6 Other Extraction Methods 562.5 Extract Cleanup 572.6 Analysis of Lichen Extracts 592.6.1 GC 592.6.2 LC 602.6.3 Other Analytical Methods 612.7 Conclusion 63References 653 Review on Advanced Methods for Extraction and Identification of Nature-Derived Bioactive and Economic Products 75Sudarshana Deepa Vijaykumar3.1 Introduction 753.2 Accelerated Solvent Extraction 763.2.1 Effect of Solubility and Mass Transfer 773.2.2 Lowering the Surface Equilibrium 773.3 Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Extraction 783.4 Microwave Extraction 793.4.1 Solvent Composition 813.4.2 Solvent Volume 813.4.3 Temperature 813.4.4 Extraction Time 823.4.5 Biomass Characteristics and Water Content 823.5 Ultrasound-Microwave Mixed 823.6 High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction 833.7 Enzyme Supported Extraction 853.7.1 The Types and Characteristics of Enzyme 853.7.2 The Breakdown of Cell Walls by Enzyme 863.8 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction 873.9 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 893.9.1 Supercritical Fluid (SCF) 903.9.2 Properties of SCF 903.10 Modern Identification Methods Based on Spectroscopy Approach 913.10.1 Mass Spectroscopy (MS) 913.10.2 NMR Spectroscopy 923.10.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 923.10.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 933.11 Conclusion 94References 944 Lichens and Lichenology: Historical and Economic Prospects 101Munesh Sharma and Aash Mohammad4.1 Historical Prospects of Lichens 1014.2 Lichens and Symbiosis 1034.3 Economic Prospects 1044.3.1 Food Relation 1044.3.1.1 As Food 1044.3.1.2 As Fodder 1054.3.1.3 As Natural Food Flavoring Agent 1064.3.2 Paper and Textiles Relation 1064.3.2.1 Litmus Dye Paper 1064.3.2.2 As Textile Dyes 1074.3.3 In Perfumery 1084.3.4 In Medicine and Medical Formulations 1104.3.5 Age Determination of Substrates/Rocks/Plants or Lichenometric Dating 1144.3.6 Environmental Benefits/Biomonitoring 1154.4 Future Outlook and Conclusion 115References 115Part 2: Trends and Applications 1195 Biomedical Aspects of Lichen-Derived Products: Roadmap to Alternative Sources for Synthetic Drugs 121Anjali Gupta, Pooja Agarwal, Kavita Khatana and Shafat Ahmad Khan5.1 Introduction 1215.2 Biological Activities 1225.2.1 Anticancer Activity 1225.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 1295.2.3 Antiviral Activity 1305.2.4 Antioxidant Activity 1315.2.5 Immunomodulator Activity 1335.2.6 Insecticidal Activity 1345.3 Conclusion 135References 1366 Lichens as Sources of Antibacterial Active Compounds 141Es-sadeqy Youness, Taha Chouati, Noura Aoussar, Imane Zalegh, Rajaa Ait Mhand, Naima Rhallabi and Fouad Mellouki6.1 Introduction 1426.2 Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Lichens 1436.3 Antibacterial Activity of Lichenic Acids 1536.4 Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Lichens and of Their Bioactive Compounds 1596.5 Interactions Between Lichen’s Secondary Metabolites and Standard Antibiotics 1676.6 Future Visions 1716.7 Conclusion 172References 1727 Lichens: Natural Alternatives in Textiles Finishing 179Amrita Kaushik and Pavan Prakash Giri7.1 Introduction 1797.2 Lichens as Dyes 1807.3 Coloring Components From Lichens 1817.4 Dye Extraction From Lichens 1847.5 Advantages and Limitations of Lichens Extracted Dyes 1847.6 Conclusion and Future Scope of Lichen Dyes 185References 1858 A Review on Trends and Opportunity in Edible Lichens 189Mohd Yusuf8.1 Introduction 1898.2 Feed and Fodder 1918.2.1 Cetraria islandica 1918.2.2 Roccella montagnei 1928.2.3 Cladonia rangiferina 1938.2.4 Bryoria fremontii 1938.2.5 Parmelia perlata 1948.2.6 Umbilicaria Species 1948.2.7 Usnea florida 1958.3 Lichens as Food Additives 1958.3.1 Lichen-Based Tea 1958.3.2 Lichens as Spice 1968.3.3 Food Coloring Aspects 1968.4 Lichens as Snuffing Agents 1978.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 197References 1989 Biotechnological Applications of Lichens 203Md. Aftab Alam, Rizwana Khatoon, Shamsul Huda, Niyaz Ahmad and Pramod Kumar Sharma9.1 Introduction 2049.2 Biotechnological Applications of Lichens 2059.2.1 Antioxidant Activity 2059.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity 2059.2.3 As Bioindicators 2069.2.4 Anticancer Activity 2079.2.5 Anti-Insecticidal Activity 2109.2.6 Enzyme Inhibition Activity 2109.2.7 Antidiabetic Activity 2119.3 Conclusion and Future Dimension 212References 21310 Potential of Lichen’s Extract as Natural Photosensitizer for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 221Asim Mansha, Sana, Muhammad Usman, Sadia Asim and Matloob Ahmvad10.1 Introduction 22110.2 DSSC Operations and Components 22410.2.1 Operating Principle 22410.3 Constituents 22510.3.1 Working Electrode/Semi-Conductor Electrode 22510.3.2 Electrolyte 22610.3.2.1 Volatile Organic Solvent 22610.3.2.2 Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (RTIL) 22610.3.2.3 Polymer Electrolytes 22710.3.2.4 Redox Couple 22710.3.3 Counter Electrode 22810.4 Natural Dye Sensitizers 22910.4.1 Chlorophylls 22910.4.2 Anthocyanins 23010.4.3 Anthocyanidins 23110.4.4 Flavonoids 23210.4.5 Carotenoids 23210.5 Photoelectrochemical Parameters 23410.6 Preparation of Dye Solution and Electrodes 23910.6.1 Preparation of Working Electrode 23910.6.2 Preparation of CE 24010.6.3 Preparation of Dye Solution 24010.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook 241References 24111 Lichen-Derived Products as Sustainable Source of Natural Dyes 245Shahid Adeel, Aqsa Majeed, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Azeem, Naeem Iqbal and Nimra Amin11.1 Introduction 24511.2 Classification of Lichen 24611.3 Natural Dyes 24711.3.1 Classification of Natural Dyes 24811.3.2 Pros and Cons of Natural Dyes 24811.3.3 Environmental and Health Aspects of Natural Dyes 24911.3.4 Economic Aspects of Natural Dyes 25011.4 Extraction Methods of Natural Dyes 25011.5 Lichen as a Source of Natural Dye 25111.5.1 Extraction Methods of Colorants From Lichen 25111.5.2 Lichen as a Source of Purple Dye 25211.5.3 Lichen as a Source of Red Dye 25311.5.4 Lichen as a Source of Yellow Dye 25411.5.5 Lichen as a Source of Blue Dye 25511.5.6 Isolation Medium Dependant Colorants from Lichens 25511.5.7 Future Prospectus of Lichen Dyeing 25711.6 Conclusion 257References 25812 Biomedical Perspectives of Lichen-Derived Products 263Muhammad Shahid, Arslan Rasool, Fozia Anjum and Muhammad Tjammal Rehman12.1 Introduction 26312.2 Coevolution of Lichens 26412.3 Diversity Among Growth Forms of Lichens 26512.4 Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Structures (Lichen Substances) 26612.5 Biomedical and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites of Lichens 26812.5.1 Antioxidant Activity 27012.5.2 Cytotoxic Activity 27012.5.3 Antiviral Activity 27012.5.4 Antitumor Activity 27112.5.5 Antidiabetic Activity of Lichens 27112.5.6 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity 27212.6 Conclusion 272References 272Index 277