Libya

Ronald Bruce St John is an independent scholar who has appeared on Al Jazeera, BBC World Service, CNN News and in The New York Times, amongst other publications and outlets. He has also advised a number of Fortune 500 companies and the US government. He lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

• Preface to Third EditionPreface to Second EditionPreface to First EditionMaps and IllustrationsNote on TransliterationSelect Chronology of Libyan History 1  Early HistoryHistorical SettingPhoenician Settlements in TripolitaniaGreek Influence in CyrenaicaRoman Influence in LibyaArab InvasionsFatimids (910–1171)Hilalian InvasionAlmoravids, Almohads, and Hafsids in TripolitaniaMedieval Cyrenaica and FezzanLasting Impressions 2  Ottoman Occupation, 1551–1911First Ottoman Occupation (1551–1711)Karamanli Dynasty (1711–1835)Barbary WarsSecond Ottoman Occupation (1835–1911)Sanusi OrderForeign Schemes and InitiativesYoung Turk RevolutionTransformation 3  Italian Colonial Era, 1911–43Misplaced OptimismEarly Resistance and CollaborationNascent Political MovementsTripoli Republic, 1918–22Riconquista, 1923–32Italian Colonial PolicyJewish CommunityImpact of Italian Occupation 4  Struggle for Independence, 1943–51Liberation and OccupationWartime DiscussionsGreat Power GridlockRegional and Domestic Politics CollideAmerican Strategic InterestsUnited Nations DecidesArab Nationalism, Aid, and Base RightsConflicting Interests 5  United Kingdom of Libya, 1951–69Socioeconomic InheritancePalace System of PowerAlliance PoliticsWestern DependenceImpact of OilNational IdentityRise of Arab NationalismMonarchy in PerspectiveThe End 6  One September Revolution, 1969–73Young RevolutionariesGreat Power DenouementPrimacy of OilSocioeconomic ChangeFreedom, Nationalism, and UnityPopular RevolutionThird Universal Theory 7  Revolution on the Move, 1973–86The Green BookDirect Popular AuthorityRush to SocialismHydrocarbon PolicyConfrontation with the WestArab DisunityThird CircleDeclining Influence AbroadConfined to the Libyan Playhouse 8  Consolidation and Reform, 1986–98Revolution within the RevolutionGreat Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the MassesWeapons of Mass DestructionLockerbieEuropean RelationsStatus Quo in AfricaTurn to the MaghribRule of International LawMounting Opposition 9  Libya Resurgent, 1998–2007Out of AfricaLooking East and WestEuropean RelationsWar on TerrorEconomic ReformHydrocarbons, the ExceptionSocial ConditionsPolitical DevelopmentsQaddafi’s Libya 10  A New Day Dawns, 2008–11Socioeconomic ReformPolitical ReformHuman RightsAfricaEuropeUnited StatesArab SpringFebruary 17 RevolutionMilitary EventsPolitical DevelopmentsEnd of the Beginning 11  Post-Qaddafi LibyaGeneral National Congress ElectionsIslamists AscendantConstitutional Drafting ProcessDescent into ChaosLibyan Political AgreementTime for a ResetEuropeUnited StatesArab WorldAfricaWho Lost Libya? Further ReadingNotesIndex

‘An excellent political history of Libya…engaging.’