LGBTQ+ and Healthcare in America

R.K. Devlin is an independent scholar in the USA. She holds a BS in exercise physiology, an MBS in biomechanics, and an MD with specialization in infectious diseases. She is the editor of Exercise and Physical Activity: From Health Benefits to Fitness Crazes (Greenwood, 2022) and the author of What You Need to Know About the Flu: Inside Diseases and Disorders (Greenwood, 2020) and Influenza: Biographies of Disease (Greenwood, 2008). She has also owned an independent bookstore, founded a literary nonprofit, and published numerous articles, blogs, and book reviews for various online and print publications.

• PREFACECHRONOLOGY1. ISSUES AFFECTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCAREHistorical ContextCurrent StatusMinority StressSocietal DisapprovalFamilial Rejection and NeglectReligious PersecutionHarassment, Bullying, and Verbal AbusePhysical and Sexual AssaultSchool and Workplace DiscriminationEducationEmploymentMicroaggressions and Unfair TreatmentBarriers Affecting Access to HealthcareMedical Provider IntimidationInsufficient Number of LGBTQ+-Competent ProvidersIncreased Strain on Existing LGBTQ+ ProvidersLack of Insurance Coverage and Cost IssuesOther Barriers to AccessHomelessnessPart-Time Employment or UnemploymentPovertyTransportationFuture ConsiderationsEducational and Workplace ReformRevised Healthcare Institution Policies and ProceduresTargeted Healthcare Provider and Staff EducationOngoing Advocacy and Legislative ActionExpanded Public Health InitiativesInclusive Scientific ResearchIN THEIR WORDS: We Are Enough by Lex Meelker M.D.2. TRANSGENDER AND GENDER-DIVERSE HEALTHCAREHistorical ContextCurrent StatusGender Minority StressSocietal DisapprovalFamilial Rejection and NeglectReligious PersecutionHarassment, Bullying, and Verbal AbusePhysical and Sexual AssaultSchool and Workplace DiscriminationEducationEmploymentMicroaggressions and Unfair TreatmentBarriers Affecting Access to HealthcareInsufficient Legal and Political ProtectionsMissing or Inaccurate Identity DocumentsLack of Insurance Coverage or Cost IssuesProvider Ignorance and HarassmentSpecific Health DisparitiesBone DiseaseCancerCardiovascular DiseaseDiabetesEffects of Emotional, Physical, and Sexual ViolenceMental HealthSexually Transmitted InfectionsSubstance Misuse and AbuseGender-Affirming TreatmentsNonsurgical Medical TreatmentsSurgical InterventionsMale-to-FemaleFemale-to-MaleFuture ConsiderationsEducational and Workplace ReformRevised Healthcare Institution Policies and ProceduresTargeted Healthcare Provider and Staff EducationOngoing Advocacy and Legislative ActionExpanded Public Health InitiativesInclusive Scientific ResearchIN THEIR WORDS: The Consequences of Inadequate Data Collection for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity by Dr. Jay Knight3. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)Historical ContextCurrent StatusDisease ProcessTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentScreeningPrevention of HIV InfectionRisk-Reduction Counseling and Harm-Reduction InterventionsCondom UsePre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)CircumcisionTargeted Screening of Pregnant WomenTreatment of STIs and Opioid AddictionFuture ConsiderationsEarly Diagnosis and Detection of ClustersRapid and Effective TreatmentImproved Health Outcomes and Reduced Health DisparitiesOngoing Prevention Strategies IN THEIR WORDS: Getting Clean While HIV Positive by Charles Lisée4. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASESSexual HealthCommon Sexually Transmitted InfectionsChlamydia and GonorrheaTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentHerpes Simplex Virus (HSV)TransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)TransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentSyphilisTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentTrichomoniasisTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentOther Sexually Transmitted DiseasesChancroidGranuloma InguinaleMycoplasma genitaliumPublic LiceOther Infectious DiseasesBacterial VaginosisTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentHepatitis A Virus (HAV)TransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentHepatitis B Virus (HBV)TransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentHepatitis C Virus (HCV)TransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentMeningococcal DiseaseTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentMpox VirusTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentShigellaTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentTuberculosisTransmissionSymptomsDiagnosisTreatmentPrevention of STIs and Other Infectious DiseasesScreening for InfectionChlamydia and GonorrheaHepatitis A VirusHepatitis B VirusHepatitis C VirusHerpes Simplex VirusHuman Papilloma VirusSyphilisTrichomoniasisTuberculosisBehavior Education and CounselingCondom UseHygienic PracticesPre-Exposure Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and VaccinationHepatitis A VirusHepatitis B VirusHuman Papilloma VirusMeningococcal DiseaseMpox VirusPost-Exposure ProphylaxisAdequate Identification and Treatment for Sex PartnersFuture ConsiderationsRevised Sexual Health ParadigmConsistent and Correct Condom UseCompliance with Vaccination and Doxy-PEPWeb-Based Prevention ProgramsIN THEIR WORDS: How I Found a Healthcare Provider Who Is An LGBTQ+ Ally by Paul Wright5. CHRONIC DISEASES AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERSChronic DiseasesCancerDiabetesHeart Disease and StrokeDepression and AnxietyOverweight and ObesityEating DisordersSubstance Use DisordersAlcoholCannabisHallucinogensInhalantsOpioidsSedative-Hypnotics and AnxiolyticsStimulantsTobacco Use and VapingCancerChildhood IllnessesDiabetesHeart Disease and StrokeLung DiseasePregnancy ComplicationsFuture ConsiderationsIN THEIR WORDS: March 28, 2019 by Zoey Ann O’Brien6. LEGAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES AFFECTING LGBTQ+ HEALTHCAREPrevious Court Cases of SignificanceOne, Inc. v. Olesen U.S. Supreme Court CaseRover v. Evans U.S. Supreme Court CaseLawrence v. Texas U.S. Supreme Court CaseHoward v. Child Welfare Agency Review Board Court CaseSchroer v. Library of Congress Court CaseUnited States v. Windsor U.S. Supreme Court CaseObergefell v. Hodges U.S. Supreme Court CaseBostock v. Clayton County U.S. Supreme Court CaseFederal Legislation of SignificanceExisting Federal LegislationRyan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) ActMatthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention ActPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)Pending Federal LegislationCustomer Non-Discrimination ActDo No Harm ActEquality ActFair and Equal Housing ActFAMILY ActHealth Equity and Accountability ActHealthy Families ActJabara-Heyer NO HATE ActJohn Lewis Every Child Deserves a Family ActLower Costs, More Transparency ActPrEP Access and Coverage ActReal Education and Access for Healthy Youth ActREPEAL HIV Discrimination ActSafe Schools Improvement ActTherapeutic Fraud Prevention ActTyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment ActState Legislation of ConcernHealthcare PoliciesIdentity DocumentationMisuse of Nondiscrimination and Public Accommodation LawsSchool and EducationFree Speech and ExpressionOther Anti-LGBTQ+ RightsMunicipal Legislation and PoliciesFuture ConsiderationsAdvocating Against Anti-LGBTQ+ LegislationMaximizing Public Health MeasuresPromoting Inclusion and Diversity on School BoardsIN THEIR WORDS: Keeping My Family Happy and Healthy by Regina Gort7. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL HEALTHCARE ON LGBTQ+ AMERICANSUniversal HealthcareHistorical ContextArguments in Favor of Universal HealthcareArguments Against Universal HealthcarePolitical and Theological DivideMedical TourismReasons for Medical TourismExorbitant CostsLong Patient Waiting Lists and TimesLack of Culturally Sensitive CareUnavailable or Unapproved Medications or TreatmentsTypes of Medical TourismRisks and Complications of Medical TourismFuture ConsiderationsAdvocacy for Universal Health CoverageConsiderations for Traveling AbroadIN THEIR WORDS: Written on the Stars by Leo Bancroft8. EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON LGBTQ+ HEALTHCAREHistorical ContextNegative Impact on LGBTQ+ Health and Well-BeingDisparities in HealthGovernmental TargetingSocial Distancing and IsolationEducation and EmploymentEducationEmploymentAccess to HealthcareSexual HealthLong COVID and Other Post-COVID Health ProblemsFuture ConsiderationsPandemic PreparednessHealth and Healthcare System DisparitiesLong COVID and Other Post-COVID ConditionsDIRECTORY OF RESOURCESGLOSSARYABOUT THE AUTHOR

This is an excellent resource for high-school, community-college, and allied health students. It would also be a good addition to public- and consumer-health-library collections.