Legal Singularity

Abdi Aidid is a graduate of Yale Law School and assistant professor of law at the University of Toronto.Benjamin Alarie holds the Osler Chair in Business Law in the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto and is an affiliated faculty member at the Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence.

• 1. Introducing the Legal SingularityI. IntroductionII. What Is the Legal Singularity?a. The Technological Singularityb. The Economic Singularityc. The Legal SingularityIII. Hazards AheadIV. Our Story and ObjectivesV. Orienting OurselvesVI. Towards the Legal Singularity2. The Nature of Legal InformationI. IntroductionII. The Centrality of Information to Lawa. Law before Textb. Prediction and Law’s Information EnvironmentIII. Analogue, Digital, Computationala. The Analog Erab. The Digital EraIV. The New Information Environmenta. Impact of Digitalizationb. Access to Data and Access to Justicec. An Open Source Movement?3. Computational LawI. IntroductionII. Understanding Artificial IntelligenceIII. Applying AI to the Law: Computational Lawa. Should Law Be Computed?b. On "Computational Values"4. Complete LawI. IntroductionII. Incomplete Law and Its Problemsa. What Is Incomplete Law?b. In Search of Specificityc. Degradation of Legal CertaintyIII. How Computation Encourages CompletenessIV. Complete, as in No Gaps – Not Complete, as in Done5. Defending the Legal Singularity from Its CriticsI. IntroductionII. Is Computational Law Reductionist?a. Pasquale, Hildebrandt, and Law’s Unquantifiable Essenceb. Ideology, Social Context, and the Legal Singularityc. The Limits of Techno-CritiqueIII. Does the Legal Singularity Threaten the Rule of Law?6. Implications for the JudiciaryI. IntroductionII. The Pitfalls of the Modern Judiciarya. Biases and Human Weaknessesb. Courthouse Overcrowding and Delayed Justicec. The Implications of Court DesignIII. Computational Solutions in the Courtrooma. Human Expertsb. Legal Researchc. Document Draftingd. Expert Evidencee. Changes to Fact-Finding Proceduresf. Discoveryg. Predictive Technologyh. Case Managementi. Fair SettlementsIV. The Paradox of Judging in the Computational Eraa. Beyond Physical Courtrooms and Human Judgesi. Neural Lacesii. Online Courts and Dispute Resolutioniii. Alternative Dispute ResolutionV. Possible Roadblocks to Adoption VI. Looking Ahead: The Evolution of the Judiciary7. Towards Universal Legal LiteracyI. IntroductionII. The Legal Profession’s Problem Statea. Problem I: The Market for Legal Servicesi. The Unaffordability Problemii. Consequences of Unaffordabilityiii. Responses to the Unaffordability Problem by the Legal Professionb. Problem II: Excessive Legal ComplexityIII. The Solution: Universal Legal Literacya. Imagining Universal Legal Literacyb. Universal Legal Literacy in the Legal Singularity8. Implications for GovernmentsI. IntroductionII. Governments and TechnologyIII. Artificially Intelligent GovernmentsIV. Current Government Applications of AIV. Applications of AI in Service Provision and Regulationa. Tax Regulationb. Government Benefits Programsc. ImmigrationVI. Applications of AI in Legislationa. Drafting Legislationb. Normative Contributions and Second-Order Modelling9. Towards Ethical and Equitable Legal PredictionI. IntroductionII. The Problem Frameworka. Reflection and Amplification Problemsb. Techno-Epistemic Problems10. ConclusionAfterwordAcknowledgmentsIndex