Valsamis Mitsilegas is Professor of European Criminal Law and Global Security at Queen Mary University of London.Fabio Giuffrida, Ph.D. (2019), Queen Mary University of London, is Policy Officer at the European Commission.Elena Fasoli is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Trento.Malgosia Fitzmaurice is Professor of International Law at Queen Mary University of London.

• Notes on Contributors1 Introduction2 Environmental Crime at the International Level Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (cites)1 Introduction2 cites and the Provisions for the Prohibition and Penalisation/Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife2.1 General Provisions and Institutional Structure of cites2.2 Illegal Trade in Wildlife under cites in Conjunction with the Other Relevant International Instruments2.3 Prohibition, Penalisation and Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife under the Convention2.3.1 Implementation of Article viii.1 of cites2.4 Compliance with Article viii.1 of cites3 Enforcement of Article viii.1 of cites3.1 Domestic Enforcement3.2 Enforcement through International Interinstitutional Cooperation4 Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Covid-195 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgments3 Environmental Crime at the International Level Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)1 Introduction2 The Basel Convention and the Provisions for the Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes2.1 General Provisions and Institutional Structure of the Basel Convention2.2 Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under Article 9 of the Basel Convention2.3 Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under the Basel (and the Bamako) Conventions2.3.1 Implementation of Article 9 of the Basel Convention2.3.2 Compliance with Article 9 of the Basel Convention3 Enforcement of Article 9 of the Basel Convention3.1 Domestic Enforcement3.2 Enforcement through International Interinstitutional Cooperation4 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgments4 Environmental Crime at the International Level The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (The marpol)1 Introduction2 The marpol Convention: The General Introduction3 marpol: Structure, Underlying Principles and the Enforcement4 Concluding Remarks 5 Environmental Crime at the EU Level Substantive Criminal Law1 Introduction2 The Protection of the Environment within the EU: A Short History3 EU Law and Environmental Crime: Constitutional Perspectives4 The Environmental Crime Directive (2008/99/ec)4.1 Actus Reus and Mens Rea4.2 Liability of Legal Persons, Penalties and (Some) Gaps5 Ship-source Pollution between EU (Criminal) Law and International Law5.1 The Ship-Source Pollution Directive (2009/123/ec)5.2 The Intertanko Case and the Autonomy of the Union Legal Order Vis-à-vis International Law6 Environmental Offences and the Links with Organised Crime and Money Laundering7 The Treaty of Lisbon and the Future of EU Environmental Criminal Law7.1 Article 83 tfeu and Environmental Crime7.2 A New Directive on Environmental Crime: Challenges and Opportunities for the EU Legislator8 Conclusion6 Environmental Crime at the EU Level Judicial Cooperation, Conflicts of Jurisdiction and Ne Bis in Idem1 Introduction2 Mutual Recognition Instruments to Fight Environmental Crime2.1 Scaling Down Dual Criminality2.2 The Concept of ‘Judicial Authority’2.3 Protection of Fundamental Rights3 Conflicts of Jurisdiction in the European Union4 Ne Bis in Idem4.1 The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem at the European Level4.2 Bis, Idem and Enforcement Condition4.2.1 The ‘Bis’ Element4.2.2 The ‘Idem’ Element4.2.3 The Enforcement Condition in Article 54 cisa and Its Relations with Article 50 of the Charter4.3 Application of Ne Bis in Idem to Criminal and Administrative Proceedings Concerning the Same Facts4.3.1 Bonda, Fransson and Grande Stevens: Incompatibility between Double-track Systems and Ne Bis in Idem4.3.2 A and B v Norway, Garlsson, Zecca and Di Puma, and Menci: (Partial) Compatibility between Double-track Systems and Ne Bis in Idem5 Conclusion7 Environmental Crime at the EU Level The Role of EU Agencies and Bodies1 Introduction2 Europol and Eurojust: Structure, Functioning and Powers2.1 Competence of the Two Agencies and Classification of Their Activities2.2 Structure and Operational Activities of Eurojust2.3 Eurojust in Practice: Coordination Meetings, Coordination Centres and Joint Investigation Teams2.4 Structure and Operational Activities of Europol2.5 The Future of Europol in Light of the Revised Regulation2.6 ‘Non-operational’ Tasks of the Two Agencies and the Policy Cycle (empact)2.7 Exchange of Information with National Authorities and the EU Agencies’ Evolving Role3 Europol and Cross-border Environmental Crime3.1 Operational Activities3.2 Non-operational Activities4 Eurojust and Cross-border Environmental Crime4.1 Operational Activities4.2 Non-operational Activities5 The European Public Prosecutor’s Office6 Conclusion8 Conclusion The Regulation of Environmental Crime in International and EU Law: Coming of Age?1 The Extent and Scope of Criminalisation2 The Organised and Financial Crime Dimension3 Compliance, Enforcement and a Multi-agency ApproachIndex

Valsamis Mitsilegas is Professor of European Criminal Law and Global Security at Queen Mary University of London.Fabio Giuffrida, Ph.D. (2019), Queen Mary University of London, is Policy Officer at the European Commission.Elena Fasoli is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Trento.Malgosia Fitzmaurice is Professor of International Law at Queen Mary University of London.

• Notes on Contributors1 Introduction2 Environmental Crime at the International Level Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (cites)1 Introduction2 cites and the Provisions for the Prohibition and Penalisation/Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife2.1 General Provisions and Institutional Structure of cites2.2 Illegal Trade in Wildlife under cites in Conjunction with the Other Relevant International Instruments2.3 Prohibition, Penalisation and Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife under the Convention2.3.1 Implementation of Article viii.1 of cites2.4 Compliance with Article viii.1 of cites3 Enforcement of Article viii.1 of cites3.1 Domestic Enforcement3.2 Enforcement through International Interinstitutional Cooperation4 Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Covid-195 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgments3 Environmental Crime at the International Level Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)1 Introduction2 The Basel Convention and the Provisions for the Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes2.1 General Provisions and Institutional Structure of the Basel Convention2.2 Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under Article 9 of the Basel Convention2.3 Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under the Basel (and the Bamako) Conventions2.3.1 Implementation of Article 9 of the Basel Convention2.3.2 Compliance with Article 9 of the Basel Convention3 Enforcement of Article 9 of the Basel Convention3.1 Domestic Enforcement3.2 Enforcement through International Interinstitutional Cooperation4 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgments4 Environmental Crime at the International Level The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (The marpol)1 Introduction2 The marpol Convention: The General Introduction3 marpol: Structure, Underlying Principles and the Enforcement4 Concluding Remarks 5 Environmental Crime at the EU Level Substantive Criminal Law1 Introduction2 The Protection of the Environment within the EU: A Short History3 EU Law and Environmental Crime: Constitutional Perspectives4 The Environmental Crime Directive (2008/99/ec)4.1 Actus Reus and Mens Rea4.2 Liability of Legal Persons, Penalties and (Some) Gaps5 Ship-source Pollution between EU (Criminal) Law and International Law5.1 The Ship-Source Pollution Directive (2009/123/ec)5.2 The Intertanko Case and the Autonomy of the Union Legal Order Vis-à-vis International Law6 Environmental Offences and the Links with Organised Crime and Money Laundering7 The Treaty of Lisbon and the Future of EU Environmental Criminal Law7.1 Article 83 tfeu and Environmental Crime7.2 A New Directive on Environmental Crime: Challenges and Opportunities for the EU Legislator8 Conclusion6 Environmental Crime at the EU Level Judicial Cooperation, Conflicts of Jurisdiction and Ne Bis in Idem1 Introduction2 Mutual Recognition Instruments to Fight Environmental Crime2.1 Scaling Down Dual Criminality2.2 The Concept of ‘Judicial Authority’2.3 Protection of Fundamental Rights3 Conflicts of Jurisdiction in the European Union4 Ne Bis in Idem4.1 The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem at the European Level4.2 Bis, Idem and Enforcement Condition4.2.1 The ‘Bis’ Element4.2.2 The ‘Idem’ Element4.2.3 The Enforcement Condition in Article 54 cisa and Its Relations with Article 50 of the Charter4.3 Application of Ne Bis in Idem to Criminal and Administrative Proceedings Concerning the Same Facts4.3.1 Bonda, Fransson and Grande Stevens: Incompatibility between Double-track Systems and Ne Bis in Idem4.3.2 A and B v Norway, Garlsson, Zecca and Di Puma, and Menci: (Partial) Compatibility between Double-track Systems and Ne Bis in Idem5 Conclusion7 Environmental Crime at the EU Level The Role of EU Agencies and Bodies1 Introduction2 Europol and Eurojust: Structure, Functioning and Powers2.1 Competence of the Two Agencies and Classification of Their Activities2.2 Structure and Operational Activities of Eurojust2.3 Eurojust in Practice: Coordination Meetings, Coordination Centres and Joint Investigation Teams2.4 Structure and Operational Activities of Europol2.5 The Future of Europol in Light of the Revised Regulation2.6 ‘Non-operational’ Tasks of the Two Agencies and the Policy Cycle (empact)2.7 Exchange of Information with National Authorities and the EU Agencies’ Evolving Role3 Europol and Cross-border Environmental Crime3.1 Operational Activities3.2 Non-operational Activities4 Eurojust and Cross-border Environmental Crime4.1 Operational Activities4.2 Non-operational Activities5 The European Public Prosecutor’s Office6 Conclusion8 Conclusion The Regulation of Environmental Crime in International and EU Law: Coming of Age?1 The Extent and Scope of Criminalisation2 The Organised and Financial Crime Dimension3 Compliance, Enforcement and a Multi-agency ApproachIndex

Valsamis Mitsilegas is Professor of European Criminal Law and Global Security at Queen Mary University of London.Fabio Giuffrida, Ph.D. (2019), Queen Mary University of London, is Policy Officer at the European Commission.Elena Fasoli is Associate Professor of International Law at the University of Trento.Malgosia Fitzmaurice is Professor of International Law at Queen Mary University of London.

• Notes on Contributors1 Introduction2 Environmental Crime at the International Level Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (cites)1 Introduction2 cites and the Provisions for the Prohibition and Penalisation/Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife2.1 General Provisions and Institutional Structure of cites2.2 Illegal Trade in Wildlife under cites in Conjunction with the Other Relevant International Instruments2.3 Prohibition, Penalisation and Criminalisation of Illegal Trade in Wildlife under the Convention2.3.1 Implementation of Article viii.1 of cites2.4 Compliance with Article viii.1 of cites3 Enforcement of Article viii.1 of cites3.1 Domestic Enforcement3.2 Enforcement through International Interinstitutional Cooperation4 Illegal Trade in Wildlife and Covid-195 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgments3 Environmental Crime at the International Level Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)1 Introduction2 The Basel Convention and the Provisions for the Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes2.1 General Provisions and Institutional Structure of the Basel Convention2.2 Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under Article 9 of the Basel Convention2.3 Criminalisation of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes under the Basel (and the Bamako) Conventions2.3.1 Implementation of Article 9 of the Basel Convention2.3.2 Compliance with Article 9 of the Basel Convention3 Enforcement of Article 9 of the Basel Convention3.1 Domestic Enforcement3.2 Enforcement through International Interinstitutional Cooperation4 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgments4 Environmental Crime at the International Level The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (The marpol)1 Introduction2 The marpol Convention: The General Introduction3 marpol: Structure, Underlying Principles and the Enforcement4 Concluding Remarks 5 Environmental Crime at the EU Level Substantive Criminal Law1 Introduction2 The Protection of the Environment within the EU: A Short History3 EU Law and Environmental Crime: Constitutional Perspectives4 The Environmental Crime Directive (2008/99/ec)4.1 Actus Reus and Mens Rea4.2 Liability of Legal Persons, Penalties and (Some) Gaps5 Ship-source Pollution between EU (Criminal) Law and International Law5.1 The Ship-Source Pollution Directive (2009/123/ec)5.2 The Intertanko Case and the Autonomy of the Union Legal Order Vis-à-vis International Law6 Environmental Offences and the Links with Organised Crime and Money Laundering7 The Treaty of Lisbon and the Future of EU Environmental Criminal Law7.1 Article 83 tfeu and Environmental Crime7.2 A New Directive on Environmental Crime: Challenges and Opportunities for the EU Legislator8 Conclusion6 Environmental Crime at the EU Level Judicial Cooperation, Conflicts of Jurisdiction and Ne Bis in Idem1 Introduction2 Mutual Recognition Instruments to Fight Environmental Crime2.1 Scaling Down Dual Criminality2.2 The Concept of ‘Judicial Authority’2.3 Protection of Fundamental Rights3 Conflicts of Jurisdiction in the European Union4 Ne Bis in Idem4.1 The Principle of Ne Bis in Idem at the European Level4.2 Bis, Idem and Enforcement Condition4.2.1 The ‘Bis’ Element4.2.2 The ‘Idem’ Element4.2.3 The Enforcement Condition in Article 54 cisa and Its Relations with Article 50 of the Charter4.3 Application of Ne Bis in Idem to Criminal and Administrative Proceedings Concerning the Same Facts4.3.1 Bonda, Fransson and Grande Stevens: Incompatibility between Double-track Systems and Ne Bis in Idem4.3.2 A and B v Norway, Garlsson, Zecca and Di Puma, and Menci: (Partial) Compatibility between Double-track Systems and Ne Bis in Idem5 Conclusion7 Environmental Crime at the EU Level The Role of EU Agencies and Bodies1 Introduction2 Europol and Eurojust: Structure, Functioning and Powers2.1 Competence of the Two Agencies and Classification of Their Activities2.2 Structure and Operational Activities of Eurojust2.3 Eurojust in Practice: Coordination Meetings, Coordination Centres and Joint Investigation Teams2.4 Structure and Operational Activities of Europol2.5 The Future of Europol in Light of the Revised Regulation2.6 ‘Non-operational’ Tasks of the Two Agencies and the Policy Cycle (empact)2.7 Exchange of Information with National Authorities and the EU Agencies’ Evolving Role3 Europol and Cross-border Environmental Crime3.1 Operational Activities3.2 Non-operational Activities4 Eurojust and Cross-border Environmental Crime4.1 Operational Activities4.2 Non-operational Activities5 The European Public Prosecutor’s Office6 Conclusion8 Conclusion The Regulation of Environmental Crime in International and EU Law: Coming of Age?1 The Extent and Scope of Criminalisation2 The Organised and Financial Crime Dimension3 Compliance, Enforcement and a Multi-agency ApproachIndex