CHRISTOPHER WILLIAMS has held posts at the United Nations University Leadership Academy, and the universities of Cambridge, Cairo and London. He currently works at the Centre for International Education and Research, University of Birmingham.

• List of Figures List of Abbreviations Introduction PART 1: AN ERA OF ACCOUNTABILITY Political Violence Political and Economic Corruption Environmental Security Immunity and Extradition The Pattern of Accountability Implications PART 2: GLOBAL FEUDING: REGIME CHANGE AND RETRIBUTION The Context The Public Questioning The Formal Forums The Outcomes The Explanations Retributive Accountability Implications PART 3: SOCIAL IMPETUS: DECEIT, EVOLUTION AND ICT Evolutionary Explanations How Leaders 'Do' Harm Why Pupulations React Why Now? - The Significance of ICT A Social Impetus-Trends Theory Implications PART 4: PERSONALIZING PROTEST: GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY The Accountability NGOs Strategies and Social Sanctions Hasten Slowly Implications PART 5: PROGNOSES: CHANGING RELATIONSHIPS Future Concerns Leadership Intergrity and Moral Authority A Global Shift in Moral Authority Direct Democratic Accountability Implications PART 6: CONCLUSION: THE ACCOUNTABILITY WEBS Personalized Up-system Accountability The Retributive Aspect The Evolutionary-technology Synergy The Personalization of protest Changing Power Relations Notes