Crystal Renée Chambers is Associate Professor of Higher Educational Leadership at East Carolina University, USA.

• ContentsList of FiguresSeries Editor IntroductionPrefaceAcknowledgementsChapter 1: Justice, Social Justice, and Higher EducationPhilosophical Foundations of Social Justice Equity Liberty From Justice as Political Philosophy to Social Justice Social Justice and Beliefs about Inequity Social Inequity and OppressionIndicators of Social OppressionSocial Inequity and College EnrollmentSummaryChapter 2: Citizenship and Racial Fragmentation: College Access from the Colonial Era to the Antebellum PeriodOrigins: Universal Rights for Select IndividualsThe Status of People of Color in the Antebellum PeriodAbolition and the Aftermath of the Dred Scott Decision The Higher Education of People of Color from Colonial Times through the Progressive EraThis Land Was Our LandA Brief History of Native American Higher Education in the Colonial EraEarly Black, Native American, and Puerto Rican Higher EducationStrangers from a Different ShoreWe Didn’t Cross the Border, the Border Crossed UsSummaryChapter 3: Breaking Barriers: From Emancipation to DesegregationThe Legal Status of Blacks after the Civil WarThe Case of Homer PlessyThe Mismeasure of ManThe Struggle for Racial Equality in the Progressive EraA StrategyThe Legal DecisionsThe Academic BattleSummaryChapter 4: Desegregating Historically White Colleges and UniversitiesDesegregating Historically White Institutions: The 1950sBlack College Students in Historically White InstitutionsFirst Black Undergraduates in Southern FlagshipsStudent Activism in the 1950sCollege Trends: 1960-1966Desegregation in the 1960sCampus ConditionsSummaryChapter 5: Student Activism and Institutional TransformationThe Rise of Student Led ActivismCivil Disobedience: The Sit InsFreedom RidesVoter Registration, Freedom Schools, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyMovement Evolution The Broader Civil Rights StruggleOn CampusChanges in Student EnrollmentsStudent ActivismStudent PowerStudent Protests: North and South, Black and White, HBCUs and HWCUsThe Lasting Influence of Student ActivismAcademic AffairsStudent AffairsSummaryChapter 6: Affirmative Action, the Desegregation of Higher Education Systems, and the Proliferation of Minority Serving InstitutionsAffirming ActionsLegal StandardsAffirmative Action in University Admissions in CourtThe Desegregation of Dual Systems of Higher EducationThe Case of Jake AyersHigher Education Desegregation beyond MississippiThe Costs of Desegregation SuitsThe Proliferation of Minority Serving InstitutionsChapter 7: Women’s Subjugation and Higher Education from the Colonial Era to the mid-1960sWomen’s Legal SubjugationThe Social Order Women’s Education in an Emergent NationWomen’s Activism and the Beginnings of Women’s Higher EducationFirst Institutions and the Curriculum The First Generation of Women Graduates ExpansionWomen in Higher Education: The Progressive EraThe Second and Third Generations of College WomenDeans of WomenWomen’s Higher Education in the Postwar EraSuppressing Women in STEMWomen on the Homefront Activism in the Post-War EraThinking Differently about WomanhoodSex and Criminal LawRegulating to Prevent Sex on CampusChapter 8: The Sex Revolution and ReminiscencesConsciousness Raising and Feminism in the 1960s-1970sThe Downside of SuccessGeneral Considerations: Women and the LawTitle IX: Securing Women’s Rights in Education Admissions and Financial AidJoining the Adams SuitsWomen on CampusThe Chilly ClassroomWomen’s Studies: A Curricular and Scholarly Response Chilly Climates beyond the ClassroomThe Special Case of Women in AthleticsWomen’s Health and SafetyChapter 9: Law and the Advancement of Social Justice in Higher Education: Considering Social Class, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Dis/abilitySocial ClassSexual Orientation and Gender IdentityDis/AbilitySummary: Advancing Towards a Socially Just Future in Higher Education

"Law and Social Justice in Higher Education explores the juxtaposition between law and society in higher education with an emphasis on the evolution of social justice both as a political concept and as a transformative resource. This book’s exploration of the experiences of particular sectors of society--especially minorities, women, and people with disabilities-- significantly contributes to both the scholarship of social justice and the responsibilities of higher education to motivate and foster change."-Cheryl Crazy Bull, President and CEO, American Indian College Fund"Chambers’ Law and Social Justice in Higher Education contributes substantially to the field of higher education and to critical discourses that address underlying challenges of race, gender, and class disparity in America and its colleges and universities. Reading this compelling book reminds me why I agreed to start this book series on core issues in higher education."-From the Series Editor Introduction by Edward P. St. John, Algo D. Henderson Collegiate Professor, University of Michigan

Crystal Renée Chambers is Associate Professor of Higher Educational Leadership at East Carolina University, USA.

• ContentsList of FiguresSeries Editor IntroductionPrefaceAcknowledgementsChapter 1: Justice, Social Justice, and Higher EducationPhilosophical Foundations of Social Justice Equity Liberty From Justice as Political Philosophy to Social Justice Social Justice and Beliefs about Inequity Social Inequity and OppressionIndicators of Social OppressionSocial Inequity and College EnrollmentSummaryChapter 2: Citizenship and Racial Fragmentation: College Access from the Colonial Era to the Antebellum PeriodOrigins: Universal Rights for Select IndividualsThe Status of People of Color in the Antebellum PeriodAbolition and the Aftermath of the Dred Scott Decision The Higher Education of People of Color from Colonial Times through the Progressive EraThis Land Was Our LandA Brief History of Native American Higher Education in the Colonial EraEarly Black, Native American, and Puerto Rican Higher EducationStrangers from a Different ShoreWe Didn’t Cross the Border, the Border Crossed UsSummaryChapter 3: Breaking Barriers: From Emancipation to DesegregationThe Legal Status of Blacks after the Civil WarThe Case of Homer PlessyThe Mismeasure of ManThe Struggle for Racial Equality in the Progressive EraA StrategyThe Legal DecisionsThe Academic BattleSummaryChapter 4: Desegregating Historically White Colleges and UniversitiesDesegregating Historically White Institutions: The 1950sBlack College Students in Historically White InstitutionsFirst Black Undergraduates in Southern FlagshipsStudent Activism in the 1950sCollege Trends: 1960-1966Desegregation in the 1960sCampus ConditionsSummaryChapter 5: Student Activism and Institutional TransformationThe Rise of Student Led ActivismCivil Disobedience: The Sit InsFreedom RidesVoter Registration, Freedom Schools, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyMovement Evolution The Broader Civil Rights StruggleOn CampusChanges in Student EnrollmentsStudent ActivismStudent PowerStudent Protests: North and South, Black and White, HBCUs and HWCUsThe Lasting Influence of Student ActivismAcademic AffairsStudent AffairsSummaryChapter 6: Affirmative Action, the Desegregation of Higher Education Systems, and the Proliferation of Minority Serving InstitutionsAffirming ActionsLegal StandardsAffirmative Action in University Admissions in CourtThe Desegregation of Dual Systems of Higher EducationThe Case of Jake AyersHigher Education Desegregation beyond MississippiThe Costs of Desegregation SuitsThe Proliferation of Minority Serving InstitutionsChapter 7: Women’s Subjugation and Higher Education from the Colonial Era to the mid-1960sWomen’s Legal SubjugationThe Social Order Women’s Education in an Emergent NationWomen’s Activism and the Beginnings of Women’s Higher EducationFirst Institutions and the Curriculum The First Generation of Women Graduates ExpansionWomen in Higher Education: The Progressive EraThe Second and Third Generations of College WomenDeans of WomenWomen’s Higher Education in the Postwar EraSuppressing Women in STEMWomen on the Homefront Activism in the Post-War EraThinking Differently about WomanhoodSex and Criminal LawRegulating to Prevent Sex on CampusChapter 8: The Sex Revolution and ReminiscencesConsciousness Raising and Feminism in the 1960s-1970sThe Downside of SuccessGeneral Considerations: Women and the LawTitle IX: Securing Women’s Rights in Education Admissions and Financial AidJoining the Adams SuitsWomen on CampusThe Chilly ClassroomWomen’s Studies: A Curricular and Scholarly Response Chilly Climates beyond the ClassroomThe Special Case of Women in AthleticsWomen’s Health and SafetyChapter 9: Law and the Advancement of Social Justice in Higher Education: Considering Social Class, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Dis/abilitySocial ClassSexual Orientation and Gender IdentityDis/AbilitySummary: Advancing Towards a Socially Just Future in Higher Education

"Law and Social Justice in Higher Education explores the juxtaposition between law and society in higher education with an emphasis on the evolution of social justice both as a political concept and as a transformative resource. This book’s exploration of the experiences of particular sectors of society--especially minorities, women, and people with disabilities-- significantly contributes to both the scholarship of social justice and the responsibilities of higher education to motivate and foster change."-Cheryl Crazy Bull, President and CEO, American Indian College Fund"Chambers’ Law and Social Justice in Higher Education contributes substantially to the field of higher education and to critical discourses that address underlying challenges of race, gender, and class disparity in America and its colleges and universities. Reading this compelling book reminds me why I agreed to start this book series on core issues in higher education."-From the Series Editor Introduction by Edward P. St. John, Algo D. Henderson Collegiate Professor, University of Michigan

Crystal Renée Chambers is Associate Professor of Higher Educational Leadership at East Carolina University, USA.

• ContentsList of FiguresSeries Editor IntroductionPrefaceAcknowledgementsChapter 1: Justice, Social Justice, and Higher EducationPhilosophical Foundations of Social Justice Equity Liberty From Justice as Political Philosophy to Social Justice Social Justice and Beliefs about Inequity Social Inequity and OppressionIndicators of Social OppressionSocial Inequity and College EnrollmentSummaryChapter 2: Citizenship and Racial Fragmentation: College Access from the Colonial Era to the Antebellum PeriodOrigins: Universal Rights for Select IndividualsThe Status of People of Color in the Antebellum PeriodAbolition and the Aftermath of the Dred Scott Decision The Higher Education of People of Color from Colonial Times through the Progressive EraThis Land Was Our LandA Brief History of Native American Higher Education in the Colonial EraEarly Black, Native American, and Puerto Rican Higher EducationStrangers from a Different ShoreWe Didn’t Cross the Border, the Border Crossed UsSummaryChapter 3: Breaking Barriers: From Emancipation to DesegregationThe Legal Status of Blacks after the Civil WarThe Case of Homer PlessyThe Mismeasure of ManThe Struggle for Racial Equality in the Progressive EraA StrategyThe Legal DecisionsThe Academic BattleSummaryChapter 4: Desegregating Historically White Colleges and UniversitiesDesegregating Historically White Institutions: The 1950sBlack College Students in Historically White InstitutionsFirst Black Undergraduates in Southern FlagshipsStudent Activism in the 1950sCollege Trends: 1960-1966Desegregation in the 1960sCampus ConditionsSummaryChapter 5: Student Activism and Institutional TransformationThe Rise of Student Led ActivismCivil Disobedience: The Sit InsFreedom RidesVoter Registration, Freedom Schools, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyMovement Evolution The Broader Civil Rights StruggleOn CampusChanges in Student EnrollmentsStudent ActivismStudent PowerStudent Protests: North and South, Black and White, HBCUs and HWCUsThe Lasting Influence of Student ActivismAcademic AffairsStudent AffairsSummaryChapter 6: Affirmative Action, the Desegregation of Higher Education Systems, and the Proliferation of Minority Serving InstitutionsAffirming ActionsLegal StandardsAffirmative Action in University Admissions in CourtThe Desegregation of Dual Systems of Higher EducationThe Case of Jake AyersHigher Education Desegregation beyond MississippiThe Costs of Desegregation SuitsThe Proliferation of Minority Serving InstitutionsChapter 7: Women’s Subjugation and Higher Education from the Colonial Era to the mid-1960sWomen’s Legal SubjugationThe Social Order Women’s Education in an Emergent NationWomen’s Activism and the Beginnings of Women’s Higher EducationFirst Institutions and the Curriculum The First Generation of Women Graduates ExpansionWomen in Higher Education: The Progressive EraThe Second and Third Generations of College WomenDeans of WomenWomen’s Higher Education in the Postwar EraSuppressing Women in STEMWomen on the Homefront Activism in the Post-War EraThinking Differently about WomanhoodSex and Criminal LawRegulating to Prevent Sex on CampusChapter 8: The Sex Revolution and ReminiscencesConsciousness Raising and Feminism in the 1960s-1970sThe Downside of SuccessGeneral Considerations: Women and the LawTitle IX: Securing Women’s Rights in Education Admissions and Financial AidJoining the Adams SuitsWomen on CampusThe Chilly ClassroomWomen’s Studies: A Curricular and Scholarly Response Chilly Climates beyond the ClassroomThe Special Case of Women in AthleticsWomen’s Health and SafetyChapter 9: Law and the Advancement of Social Justice in Higher Education: Considering Social Class, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Dis/abilitySocial ClassSexual Orientation and Gender IdentityDis/AbilitySummary: Advancing Towards a Socially Just Future in Higher Education

"Law and Social Justice in Higher Education explores the juxtaposition between law and society in higher education with an emphasis on the evolution of social justice both as a political concept and as a transformative resource. This book’s exploration of the experiences of particular sectors of society--especially minorities, women, and people with disabilities-- significantly contributes to both the scholarship of social justice and the responsibilities of higher education to motivate and foster change."-Cheryl Crazy Bull, President and CEO, American Indian College Fund"Chambers’ Law and Social Justice in Higher Education contributes substantially to the field of higher education and to critical discourses that address underlying challenges of race, gender, and class disparity in America and its colleges and universities. Reading this compelling book reminds me why I agreed to start this book series on core issues in higher education."-From the Series Editor Introduction by Edward P. St. John, Algo D. Henderson Collegiate Professor, University of Michigan