Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Vivek Kumar Singh is an Associate Professor in Department of Physics of Lucknow University, India. He has worked extensively on applications of XRF, LIBS, TOF-SIMS, and FTIR Spectroscopy for the study of numerous kinds of biological specimens such as gallstones, kidney stones, teeth, bones, plants, salts and others. Dr Singh is the recipient of the prestigious award of Raman Fellowship by UGC, Government of India. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, D.Phil., is Assistant Professor at Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has been the recipient of the prestigious UGC-DS-Kothari Post-Doctoral Fellowship from Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, BHU, India, and the Tony B. Academic Award, 2017, Washington DC, USA Yoshihiro Deguchi began his career in laser diagnostics with BE, ME, and DE degrees from Toyohashi University of Technology in 1985, 1987, and 1990. He moved to Tokushima University as a full professor in 2010. Professor Deguchi has published research papers on the industrial applications of laser diagnostics and is one of the leading engineers to put laser diagnostics into practical use, especially in large scale plants. Zhenzhen Wang is an Associate Professor at Xi’an Jiaotong University, in the Department of Thermal Power and Control Engineering in the School of Energy and Power Engineering. Her research interests are the laser diagnostics, measurement, and optimal control of thermal power plants, especially the developed applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), laser breakdown time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LB-TOFMS), and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS).

• Volume 1Preface xixPart I Fundamental Aspects of LIBS and Laser-Induced Plasma 11 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications 3K. M. Muhammed Shameem, Swetapuspa Soumyashree, P. Madhusudhan, Vinitha Nimma, Rituparna Das, Pranav Bhardwaj, Prashant Kumar and Rajesh K. Kushawaha1.1 Introduction 31.2 LIBS: ns-LIBS and fs-LIBS 51.3 Plasma-Plume Dynamics 101.4 Filamentation 141.5 Signal-Enhancing Strategies in LIBS 171.6 Applications 201.7 Summary 212 Elementary Processes and Emission Spectra in Laser-Induced Plasma 33V. Gardette, Z. Salajkova, M. Dell’Aglio and A. De Giacomo2.1 Introduction 332.2 Laser-Ablation Mechanism 332.3 Plasma Characteristics and Elementary Processes 352.4 Plasma in Thermodynamic Equilibrium 372.5 Plasma Emission Features 392.6 Conclusion 413 Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Plasma 45Charles Ghany, Kyung-Min Lee, Herve K. Sanghapi and Vivek K. Singh3.1 Introduction 453.2 LIBS Plasmas and Its Characteristics 463.3 Factors Affecting the LIBS Plasma 493.4 Methods of Enhancing LIBS Sensitivity 513.5 LTE Plasmas and Non-LTE Plasmas 523.6 Laser–Plasma Expansion in Gas and Liquids: Modeling and Validation 543.7 Chemistry in Laser Plasmas (Biological, Medical, and Isotopic Applications) 573.8 Conclusion 584 Double and Multiple Pulse LIBS Techniques 65Francesco Poggialini, Asia Botto, Beatrice Campanella, Simona Raneri, Vincenzo Palleschi and Stefano Legnaioli4.1 Introduction 654.2 Double-Pulse LIBS: Geometries and Configurations 674.3 Signal Enhancement in DP-LIBS: Principles and Theory 774.4 Applications of DP-LIBS 804.5 Conclusions 835 Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 89Jörg Hermann5.1 Introduction 895.2 Validity Conditions of the Physical Model 905.3 Methods of Calibration-Free Measurements 985.4 Critical Review of Analytical Performance 1075.5 Conclusion 115Part II Molecular LIBS and Instrumentation Developments 1236 Molecular Species Formation in Laser-Produced Plasma 125K. M. Muhammed Shameem, Swetapuspa Soumyashree, P. Madhusudhan, Vinitha Nimma, Rituparna Das, Pranav Bhardwaj and Rajesh K. Kushawaha6.1 Introduction 1256.2 Atmospheric Contribution in LIBS Spectra 1276.3 CN and C2 Molecular Formation in LIP 1276.4 Summary 1347 Recent Developments in Standoff Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 137Linga Murthy Narlagiri and Venugopal Rao Soma7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Laser Systems Used 1377.3 Instrumentation in Standoff LIBS 1387.4 Gated and Non-Gated CCDs/Spectrometers 1397.5 Experimental Setup 1397.6 Reviews on Standoff LIBS 1407.7 Studies in Standoff LIBS 1407.8 Variants in Standoff LIBS 1467.9 Machine-Learning for Data Analysis in Standoff Mode 1497.10 Advancements in Standoff LIBS Methods 1507.11 Ongoing Study at ACRHEM, University of Hyderabad 1537.12 Conclusions and Outlook 1588 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 165Zita Salajková, Marcella Dell’Aglio, Vincent Gardette and Alessandro De Giacomo8.1 Introduction 1658.2 Fundamentals 1668.3 Applications 1748.4 Conclusion 1799 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Sensing Applications 183Linga Murthy Narlagiri and Venugopal Rao Soma9.1 Introduction 1839.2 Previous Reviews 1839.3 Experimental Setup 1849.4 Enhancement Via Different Conditions 1859.5 Perspectives on the Mechanism(s) of Enhancement 1919.6 Variations in NE-LIBS 1999.7 Beyond NE-LIBS 2009.8 Further Application of Nanoparticles in LIBS 2029.9 Ongoing Study in the Lab 2039.10 Conclusions 204Part III Data Analysis and Chemometrics in LIBS 21110 Full-Spectrum Multivariate Analysis of LIBS Data 213Catherine E. McManus and Nancy J. McMillan10.1 Introduction 21310.2 Full-Spectrum Multivariate Analysis 21510.3 Analysis of Geologic Samples 21610.4 Identification of Pharmaceuticals 21810.5 Conclusions 22411 Chemometrics for Data Analysis 229Manoj Kumar Gundawar and Rajendhar Junjuri11.1 Introduction 22911.2 Data 23011.3 Machine Learning 23111.4 Classification of the Data 23611.5 Conclusion 23712 Chemometric Processing of LIBS Data 241J. El Haddad, A. Harhira, E. Képeš, J. Vrábel, J. Kaiser and P. Poøízka12.1 Introduction 24112.2 Exploratory Analysis Methods for Visualization 24312.3 Quantitative Analysis Methods 24912.4 Classification 25412.5 Data Preprocessing 25712.6 Validation and Generalization 26112.7 Conclusions 26813 How Chemometrics Allowed the Development of LIBS in the Quantification and Detection of Isotopes: A Case Study of Uranium 277Carlos A. Rinaldi, Norberto Boggio and Juan Vorobioff13.1 Introduction 27713.2 The LIBS Method 27813.3 Detection and Quantification 27913.4 Chemometrics Solution 27913.5 Conclusions 28514 Application of Multivariate Analysis to the Problem of the Provenance of Gem Stones (Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Diamond) 287Nancy J. McMillan and Catherine E. McManus14.1 Introduction 28714.2 Gem Mineral Genesis 28914.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis 29314.4 Gem Provenance Studies 29414.5 Conclusions 30015 Machine Learning in the Context of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 305E. Képeš, J. Vrábel, J. El Haddad, A. Harhira, P. Poøízka and J. Kaiser15.1 Introduction 30515.2 Fundamental Concepts of Machine Learning 30615.3 Decision Trees and Related Ensemble Methods 30715.4 Support Vector Machines 31115.5 Artificial Neural Networks 31415.6 Unsupervised Learning 31815.7 Self-Organizing Maps 31915.8 Concluding Remarks 32016 Analysis of LIBS Data from Coal and Biomass Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques 331Carlos E. Romero and Robert De Saro16.1 Introduction 33116.2 LIBS Coal and Biomass Laboratory Experimental Results 33416.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to LIBS Spectral Data 33716.4 Conclusions 349Part IV Special Topics and Comparison with Other Methods 35317 Lasing in Optically Pumped Laser-Induced Plasma 355Lev Nagli, Michael Gaft and Yosef Raichlin17.1 Introduction 35517.2 Experimental Setups and Samples 35717.3 Lasing Effects in a LIP Plume; 13 th Group Elements 36017.4 Polarization of the LIPLs: the UV–VIS Generation 37017.5 External Magnetic Field Effects 37617.6 Fourteenth GROUP Elements LIPL (Ground-State Configuration 4s2np23P0 , n = 4,5,6) 37717.7 LIPLs Tunability 37917.8 Conclusions 38218 LIBS Analysis of Optical Surfaces and Thin Films 387Christoph Gerhard and Jörg Hermann18.1 Introduction 38718.2 Sensitivity-Improved Calibration-Free LIBS 38918.3 Analysis of Optical Materials and Surfaces 39218.4 Elemental Analysis of Thin Films 39518.5 Conclusion 40719 LIBS Detection of Rare-Earth Elements and Comparison with Other Techniques 415Yashashchandra Dwivedi19.1 Introduction 41519.2 Importance of Rare Earth 41619.3 Technological Challenges 41719.4 Detection of RE Using LIBS 41819.5 Detection of RE Using Other Techniques 42320 Marine Biofouling Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 431Della Thomas20.1 Introduction 43120.2 Biofouling Sample Preparation 43120.3 Experimental LIBS Setup 43220.4 Analysis and Discussion 43220.5 Biomineralization and Elemental Mapping Studies 43720.6 LIBS Spectra for Biofouling Sample 43720.7 LIBS Spatial Elemental Mapping 44020.8 Conclusion 44421 Hyphenated LIBS Techniques 447U. K. Adarsh, V. S. Dhanada, Santhosh Chidangil and V. K. Unnikrishnan21.1 Introduction 44721.2 Why Hyphenate Spectroscopic Methods? 44921.2.1 Significance 44921.2.2 Developmental Strategies 45121.2.3 Hyphenated LIBS Systems 45221.3 Conclusion and Future Directions 45722 Comparison of LIBS with Other Analytical Techniques 461Muhammad Aslam Baig, Rizwan Ahmed and Zeshan Adeel Umar22.1 Introduction 46122.2 Quantitative Analysis by LIBS 46222.3 Laser-Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 47622.4 Conclusion 48223 Combining Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy: Instrumentation and Applications 487Vasily N. Lednev23.1 Introduction 48723.2 Instrumentation 48923.3 Applications 50223.4 Conclusions 520Acknowledgments 521References 521Volume 2Preface xixPart V Novel Applications of LIBS 53124 Application of LIBS to the Analysis of Metals 533Francesco Poggialini, Asia Botto, Beatrice Campanella, Vincenzo Palleschi, Simona Raneri and Stefano Legnaioli25 LIBS Analysis of Metals Under Extreme Conditions 551Mohamed Abdel-Harith and Raghda Hosny El-Saeid26 LIBS Applications to Liquids and Solids in Liquids 559Chet R. Bhatt, Daniel Hartzler, Jinesh Jain and Dustin L. McIntyre27 Coal Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 581Shunchun Yao28 Application of LIBS to Terrestrial Geological Research 593Giorgio S. Senesi and Russell S. Harmon29 Plastic Waste Identification Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 615Rajendhar Junjuri and Manoj Kumar Gundawar30 Cultural Heritage Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 623Duixiong Sun and Yaopeng Ying31 Nuclear Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 643Gábor Galbács and Éva Kovács-Széles32 Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Trace Detection in Explosives 667Qianqian Wang and Geer Teng33 Geochemical Fingerprinting Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 683Pengju Xing and Zhenli Zhu34 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Chemical and Biological Hazards 701Lianbo Guo35 Development of a Simple, Low-Cost, and On-Site Deployable LIBS Instrument for the Quantitative Analysis of Edible Salts 715Sandeep Kumar, Hyang Kim, Jeong Park, Kyung-Sik Ham, Song-Hee Han, Sang-Ho Nam and Yonghoon Lee36 Bioimaging in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 729Pavlina Modlitbová, Pavel Poøízka and Jozef Kaiser37 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Identification of Bacterial Pathogens 745Somenath Ghatak, Gaurav Sharma, Prashant Kumar Rai, Suman Yadav and Geeta Watal38 Phase-Selective Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Metal-Oxide Nanoaerosols 755Gang Xiong and Stephen D. Tse39 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cultivated Soil 767R. K. Aldakheel, M. A. Gondal and M. A. Almessiere40 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Food Sciences 781J. Naozuka and A. P. Oliveira41 Capabilities and Limitations of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Analyzing Food Products 807R. K. Aldakheel, M. A. Gondal and M. A. Almessiere42 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Its Application Perspectives in Industry and Recycling 823Reinhard Noll43 Development of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Application to Space Exploration 851Zhenzhen Wang and Han Luo44 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Complex Materials 863Mathi Pandiyathuray45 Application of LIBS for the Failure Characteristics Prediction of Heat-Resistant Steel 883Meirong Dong, Junbin Cai, Shunchun Yao and Jidong Lu46 Scope for Future Development in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 939Yoshihiro DeguchiIndex 947