Morten H. Christiansen received his PhD in Cognitive Science from the University of Edinburgh in 1995. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology and Co-Director of the Cognitive Science Program at Cornell University. His research focuses on the interaction of biological and environmental constraints in the processing, acquisition and evolution of language, which he approaches using a variety of methodologies, includingcomputational modeling, corpus analyses, psycholinguistic experimentation, neurophysiological recordings, and molecular genetics. He has edited volumes on Connectionist Psycholinguistics (Ablex, with Nick Chater) and LanguageEvolution (Oxford, with Simon Kirby). He is currently working on a monograph, Creating Language: Towards a Unified Framework for Language Processing, Acquisition and Evolution (Oxford, with Nick Chater). Christopher T. Collins is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at New York University. He received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. His research interests are comparative syntax and the syntax African languages. He approaches the issue of language universals through the indepth study of various African languages, including Ewe and most recently N|uu, an endangered Khoisan language of South Africa. Shimon Edelman is Professor of Psychology at Cornell University, where he is also member in the graduate fields of Computer Science, Information Science, and Cognitive Science. His research interests include computational, behavioral, and neurobiological aspects of vision, as well as language acquisition and processing and computational linguistics. His latest book Computing the Mind: How the Mind Really Works will be published by Oxford University Press in 2008.

• Preface ; Notes on the Contributors ; 1. Language Universals: A Collaborative Project for the Language Sciences, Morten H. Christiansen, Christopher T. Collins, and Shimon Edelman ; 2. Language Universals and Usage-Based Theory, Joan L. Bybee ; 3. Universals and the Diachronic Life Cycle of Languages, James R. Hurford ; 4. Language Universals and the Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis, John A. Hawkins ; 5. Approaching Universals from Below: I-Universals in Light of a Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory, Norbert Hornstein and Cedric Boeckx ; 6. Minimalist Behaviorism: The Role of the Individual in Explaining Language Universals, Thomas G. Bever ; 7. The Components of Language: What's Specific to Language, and What's Specific to Humans?, Steven Pinker and Ray Jackendoff ; 8. On Semantic Universals and Typology, Emmon Bach and Wynn Chao ; 9. Foundations of Universal Grammar in Planned Action, Mark Steedman ; 10. Computational Models of Language Universals: Expressiveness, Learnability and Consequences, Edward P. Stabler ; 11. Language Universals in the Brain: How Linguistic Are They?, Ralph-Axel Muller ; 12. Language, Innateness and Universals, Andy Clark and Jennifer B. Misyak ; 13. Evolution, Development and Emerging Universals, Barbara L. Finlay ; 14. On the Necessity of an Interdisciplinary Approach to Language Universals, Florencia Reali and Morten H. Christiansen ; Index

"This is an impressive collection of work on Universals of Language as seen from a wide spectrum of disciplinary perspectives. It will surely play a significant role in the re-orientation of such research from the mere accumulation of cross-linguistic regularities to the search for the organizing principles of human cognition that give rise to those regularities. The breadth and depth of the studies here show that Universals research is finally moving towarda genuinely scientific status."-Stephen R. Anderson, Dorothy R. Diebold Professor of Linguistics and Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Yale University"Despite enormous diversity, there are striking similarities across languages. Why do languages take the forms they do, and only those forms? This question has long been both a puzzle and the source of enormous controversy. Is it just coincidence? Is there something about the shared human experience? Or the biology common to our species? Is there some internal logic to language that makes only some languages viable? These are enormously challenging questions.This collection, by some of the most prominent scholars in the field, presents a rich and diverse set of possibilities. This is a fascinating and an important book, and significantly advances ourprogress toward understanding why only our species has language."-Jeffrey L. Elman, Dean, Division of Social Sciences, University of California, San Diego

Morten H. Christiansen received his PhD in Cognitive Science from the University of Edinburgh in 1995. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology and Co-Director of the Cognitive Science Program at Cornell University. His research focuses on the interaction of biological and environmental constraints in the processing, acquisition and evolution of language, which he approaches using a variety of methodologies, includingcomputational modeling, corpus analyses, psycholinguistic experimentation, neurophysiological recordings, and molecular genetics. He has edited volumes on Connectionist Psycholinguistics (Ablex, with Nick Chater) and LanguageEvolution (Oxford, with Simon Kirby). He is currently working on a monograph, Creating Language: Towards a Unified Framework for Language Processing, Acquisition and Evolution (Oxford, with Nick Chater). Christopher T. Collins is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at New York University. He received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. His research interests are comparative syntax and the syntax African languages. He approaches the issue of language universals through the indepth study of various African languages, including Ewe and most recently N|uu, an endangered Khoisan language of South Africa. Shimon Edelman is Professor of Psychology at Cornell University, where he is also member in the graduate fields of Computer Science, Information Science, and Cognitive Science. His research interests include computational, behavioral, and neurobiological aspects of vision, as well as language acquisition and processing and computational linguistics. His latest book Computing the Mind: How the Mind Really Works will be published by Oxford University Press in 2008.

• Preface ; Notes on the Contributors ; 1. Language Universals: A Collaborative Project for the Language Sciences, Morten H. Christiansen, Christopher T. Collins, and Shimon Edelman ; 2. Language Universals and Usage-Based Theory, Joan L. Bybee ; 3. Universals and the Diachronic Life Cycle of Languages, James R. Hurford ; 4. Language Universals and the Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis, John A. Hawkins ; 5. Approaching Universals from Below: I-Universals in Light of a Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory, Norbert Hornstein and Cedric Boeckx ; 6. Minimalist Behaviorism: The Role of the Individual in Explaining Language Universals, Thomas G. Bever ; 7. The Components of Language: What's Specific to Language, and What's Specific to Humans?, Steven Pinker and Ray Jackendoff ; 8. On Semantic Universals and Typology, Emmon Bach and Wynn Chao ; 9. Foundations of Universal Grammar in Planned Action, Mark Steedman ; 10. Computational Models of Language Universals: Expressiveness, Learnability and Consequences, Edward P. Stabler ; 11. Language Universals in the Brain: How Linguistic Are They?, Ralph-Axel Muller ; 12. Language, Innateness and Universals, Andy Clark and Jennifer B. Misyak ; 13. Evolution, Development and Emerging Universals, Barbara L. Finlay ; 14. On the Necessity of an Interdisciplinary Approach to Language Universals, Florencia Reali and Morten H. Christiansen ; Index

"This is an impressive collection of work on Universals of Language as seen from a wide spectrum of disciplinary perspectives. It will surely play a significant role in the re-orientation of such research from the mere accumulation of cross-linguistic regularities to the search for the organizing principles of human cognition that give rise to those regularities. The breadth and depth of the studies here show that Universals research is finally moving towarda genuinely scientific status."-Stephen R. Anderson, Dorothy R. Diebold Professor of Linguistics and Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Yale University"Despite enormous diversity, there are striking similarities across languages. Why do languages take the forms they do, and only those forms? This question has long been both a puzzle and the source of enormous controversy. Is it just coincidence? Is there something about the shared human experience? Or the biology common to our species? Is there some internal logic to language that makes only some languages viable? These are enormously challenging questions.This collection, by some of the most prominent scholars in the field, presents a rich and diverse set of possibilities. This is a fascinating and an important book, and significantly advances ourprogress toward understanding why only our species has language."-Jeffrey L. Elman, Dean, Division of Social Sciences, University of California, San Diego

Morten H. Christiansen received his PhD in Cognitive Science from the University of Edinburgh in 1995. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology and Co-Director of the Cognitive Science Program at Cornell University. His research focuses on the interaction of biological and environmental constraints in the processing, acquisition and evolution of language, which he approaches using a variety of methodologies, includingcomputational modeling, corpus analyses, psycholinguistic experimentation, neurophysiological recordings, and molecular genetics. He has edited volumes on Connectionist Psycholinguistics (Ablex, with Nick Chater) and LanguageEvolution (Oxford, with Simon Kirby). He is currently working on a monograph, Creating Language: Towards a Unified Framework for Language Processing, Acquisition and Evolution (Oxford, with Nick Chater). Christopher T. Collins is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at New York University. He received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1993. His research interests are comparative syntax and the syntax African languages. He approaches the issue of language universals through the indepth study of various African languages, including Ewe and most recently N|uu, an endangered Khoisan language of South Africa. Shimon Edelman is Professor of Psychology at Cornell University, where he is also member in the graduate fields of Computer Science, Information Science, and Cognitive Science. His research interests include computational, behavioral, and neurobiological aspects of vision, as well as language acquisition and processing and computational linguistics. His latest book Computing the Mind: How the Mind Really Works will be published by Oxford University Press in 2008.

• Preface ; Notes on the Contributors ; 1. Language Universals: A Collaborative Project for the Language Sciences, Morten H. Christiansen, Christopher T. Collins, and Shimon Edelman ; 2. Language Universals and Usage-Based Theory, Joan L. Bybee ; 3. Universals and the Diachronic Life Cycle of Languages, James R. Hurford ; 4. Language Universals and the Performance-Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis, John A. Hawkins ; 5. Approaching Universals from Below: I-Universals in Light of a Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory, Norbert Hornstein and Cedric Boeckx ; 6. Minimalist Behaviorism: The Role of the Individual in Explaining Language Universals, Thomas G. Bever ; 7. The Components of Language: What's Specific to Language, and What's Specific to Humans?, Steven Pinker and Ray Jackendoff ; 8. On Semantic Universals and Typology, Emmon Bach and Wynn Chao ; 9. Foundations of Universal Grammar in Planned Action, Mark Steedman ; 10. Computational Models of Language Universals: Expressiveness, Learnability and Consequences, Edward P. Stabler ; 11. Language Universals in the Brain: How Linguistic Are They?, Ralph-Axel Muller ; 12. Language, Innateness and Universals, Andy Clark and Jennifer B. Misyak ; 13. Evolution, Development and Emerging Universals, Barbara L. Finlay ; 14. On the Necessity of an Interdisciplinary Approach to Language Universals, Florencia Reali and Morten H. Christiansen ; Index

"This is an impressive collection of work on Universals of Language as seen from a wide spectrum of disciplinary perspectives. It will surely play a significant role in the re-orientation of such research from the mere accumulation of cross-linguistic regularities to the search for the organizing principles of human cognition that give rise to those regularities. The breadth and depth of the studies here show that Universals research is finally moving towarda genuinely scientific status."-Stephen R. Anderson, Dorothy R. Diebold Professor of Linguistics and Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Yale University"Despite enormous diversity, there are striking similarities across languages. Why do languages take the forms they do, and only those forms? This question has long been both a puzzle and the source of enormous controversy. Is it just coincidence? Is there something about the shared human experience? Or the biology common to our species? Is there some internal logic to language that makes only some languages viable? These are enormously challenging questions.This collection, by some of the most prominent scholars in the field, presents a rich and diverse set of possibilities. This is a fascinating and an important book, and significantly advances ourprogress toward understanding why only our species has language."-Jeffrey L. Elman, Dean, Division of Social Sciences, University of California, San Diego