• Preface; Part I. Language Repertoires and the State: 1. Language repertoires as political outcomes; 2. Three theories explaining language outcomes; 3. Do language outcomes matter?; Part II. Sociological and Political Forces Described: 4. The micro dynamics of language use in contemporary Africa; 5. Macro forces shaping the contemporary language situation in Africa; Part III. Strategic Theory Applied: 6. Strategic theory and Africa's language future; 7. Case studies from independent Africa; Part IV. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations: 8. Shaping the 3 + 1 language state; Notes; References; Index.

"David Laitin has combined an erudite discussion of contemporary language conditions in Africa (and India) and an elegant analysis of the oppositions and dilemmas of language-reform policy, all in one slim and highly readable volume." Abram de Swann, Contemporary Sociology

• Preface; Part I. Language Repertoires and the State: 1. Language repertoires as political outcomes; 2. Three theories explaining language outcomes; 3. Do language outcomes matter?; Part II. Sociological and Political Forces Described: 4. The micro dynamics of language use in contemporary Africa; 5. Macro forces shaping the contemporary language situation in Africa; Part III. Strategic Theory Applied: 6. Strategic theory and Africa's language future; 7. Case studies from independent Africa; Part IV. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations: 8. Shaping the 3 + 1 language state; Notes; References; Index.

"David Laitin has combined an erudite discussion of contemporary language conditions in Africa (and India) and an elegant analysis of the oppositions and dilemmas of language-reform policy, all in one slim and highly readable volume." Abram de Swann, Contemporary Sociology

• Preface; Part I. Language Repertoires and the State: 1. Language repertoires as political outcomes; 2. Three theories explaining language outcomes; 3. Do language outcomes matter?; Part II. Sociological and Political Forces Described: 4. The micro dynamics of language use in contemporary Africa; 5. Macro forces shaping the contemporary language situation in Africa; Part III. Strategic Theory Applied: 6. Strategic theory and Africa's language future; 7. Case studies from independent Africa; Part IV. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations: 8. Shaping the 3 + 1 language state; Notes; References; Index.

"David Laitin has combined an erudite discussion of contemporary language conditions in Africa (and India) and an elegant analysis of the oppositions and dilemmas of language-reform policy, all in one slim and highly readable volume." Abram de Swann, Contemporary Sociology