Dr. Vladislav Rjéoutski, research fellow at the German Historical Institute in Moscow. Co-director of the DFG-funded research project on the languages of diplomacy in the eighteenth-century Russia, co-author (with Derek Offord and Gesine Argent) of: The French Language in Russia. A Social, Political, Cultural, and Literary History (Amsterdam: AUP, 2018).Willem Frijhoff is Emeritus Professor of Modern History at VU University, Amsterdam, and is now G.Ph. Verhagen Professor of Cultural History at Erasmus University, Rotterdam. His scholarly work focuses on cultural, linguistic and religious identities in early modern France, the Netherlands and North America.

• Introduction, Vladislav Rjéoutski & Willem Frijhoff Learning Vernaculars, Learning in Vernaculars. The Role of Modern Languages in Nicolas Le Gras' Noble Academy and in Teaching Practices for the Nobility (France, 1640 - about 1750) Andrea Bruschi Dutch Foreign Language Use and Education after 1750: Routines and Innovations Willem Frijhoff Practice and Functions of French as a Second Language in a Dutch Patrician Family: The Van Hogendorp Family (Eighteenth - Early Nineteenth Centuries) Madeleine Van Strien-Chardonneau Multilingualism Versus Proficiency in the German Language among Administrative Elites of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Eighteenth Century Olga Khavanova Introducing the Teaching of Foreign Languages in Grammar Schools. A Comparison Between the Holy Roman Empire and the Governorate of Estland (Estonia) Michael Rocher Voices in a Country Divided: Linguistic Choices in Early Modern Croatia Ivana Horbec & Maja Matasovi? Latin in the Education of Nobility in Russia: The History of a Defeat Vladislav Rjéoutski Latin as the Language of the Orthodox Clergy in Eighteenth-Century Russia Ekaterina Kislova, Index.