Language and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia

Viktor Zhivov (PhD Moscow University) was a professor at UC Berkeley and the Russian Language Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Moscow. His publications included Ocherki istoricheskoi morfologii russkogo iazyka XVII—XVIII veka (2004), Razyskaniia voblasti istorii i predystorii russkoi kul’tury (2002), and Jazyk I kul’tura v Rossii XVIII veka. Professor Zhivov passed away in April 2013.

• Translator’s IntroductionPreface to the English EditionIntroductionProblems in the Prehistory of the New Type of Russian Literary Language1 The Literary Language of the New Type as an Object of Social and Cultural History2 The Functional Reconceptualization of Genetically Heterogeneous Elements in the History of Russian Writing3 The Main Registers of the Bookish Language and the Processes of Their Formation4 The Reconceptualization of the Varieties of the Bookish Language5 Linguistic “Simplicity” and the Means of its Realization6 The Secularization of Culture, Its Specifics in Russia, and Its Significance for Rethinking Linguistic UsageChapter 1 The Petrine Language Reform; The Linguistic and Cultural Situation of the Petrine Era1 Tasks of the Language Reform and the Nature of its Realization1.1 The Reform of the Alphabet as the Prototype of Language Reform1.2 Petrine Linguistic Directives1.3 From Hybrid Church Slavonic to the “Simple” Russian Language1.4 Innovation and Continuity in the New Literary Language2 Language Policy and the Conflict of Cultures2.1 Language Reform and Political-Ecclesiastical Conflicts2.2 “Simplicity” and the Semiotic Functions of Civil SpeechChapter 2 The Start of Normalization of the New Literary Language; The Formulation of Linguistic Theories and Literary Practice1 The Formation of Petersburg Culture and the New Conception of the Literary Language1.1 The Linguistic Program of the First Codifiers: New Issues1.2 Classicist Purism and Its Initial Reception1.3 The Actualization of Genetic Parameters: Slavonicisms1.4 Normalization in Morphology and the Use of Genetic Parametersxvii 2 The Conflict Between Linguistic Theory and Actual Practice; The Concept of a Poetic Language2.1 Poetic License and the Church Slavonic Literary and Linguistic Tradition2.2 The Language of the Ode and Church Slavonic Panegyric PoetryChapter 3 The Changed Conception of the Literary Language; The ""Slavenorossiiskii Language” and the Synthesis of Cultural and Linguistic Traditions1 The New Nature of the Russian Literary Language and the Emergence of Slavonicizing Purism1.1 The Polyfunctionism of the New Literary Language1.2 The Single Nature of Russian and Church Slavonic1.3 The New Interpretation of Purist Categories2 Rationalist Purism and the Richness of the Slavenorossiiskii Language2.1 The Richness and “Antiquity” of Russian2.2 The New Stylistic Normalization2.3 Rationalist Purism and Its Russian Metamorphosis3 The Synthesis of Cultural and Linguistic Traditions: The Slavenorossiiskii Language and Its Functioning3.1 The Evolution of the Language of Religious Literature3.2 The Unified Language of a Unified CultureChapter 4 The New Cultural Differentiation; Linguistic Purity as an Ideological Category1 The Emancipation of Culture and the Polemic Between Archaists and Innovators1.1 The Collapse of the Cultural-Linguistic Synthesis and the Karamzinian Program1.2 The Polemic over Language and Problems of Cultural Self-Consciousness2 Slavonicizing Purism and Its Reconceptualization in Religious Literature2.1 The Understanding of Purist Rubrics2.2 The Attitude Toward the Linguistic Sign2.3 The Secularization of Slavonicisms and the Juxtaposition of Religious and Secular TraditionsWorks CitedIndex

"Zhivov (Deputy Director, Institute of Russian Language, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) connects the histories of language and culture in 18th century Russia, describing his main theme as "language and power," by which he means that "language is not merely a system of signs that makes communication possible but an instrument of human ambitions, desires and passion." He traces the formation of Russian literary language through describing the history of codification, how the need for a polyfunctional liguistic standard came to be realized, and how that standard was modified to meet the needs of the situation. He also addresses the institutional components of this history, discussing the role of the Academy of Sciences in codifying the Russian language, as well as the establishment of popular schools and their impact on literary standards and their general acceptance."