Land and Environmental Management Through Forestry

Abhishek Raj, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Forest Product and Utilization, Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, India. He has published over 20 papers in scientific journals, 50 book chapters, and three books.Manoj Kumar Jhariya, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published 86 scientific papers, 14 books, 75 book chapters, and several extension articles. He is an editorial board member for several journals and a life member of numerous societies.Arnab Banerjee, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published 80 research papers in reputed national and international journals, 15 books, and 50 book chapters. He is a life member of the Academy of Environmental Biology.Sharad Nema, PhD, is a professor and department head in the Department of Forestry and Wildlife at Saheed Mahendra Karma Vishwavidyalaya University, India. He has published more than 60 research papers, book chapters, books, and reports, and holds several prestigious and responsible administrative responsibilities at the university.Kiran Bargali, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Botany, DSB Campus, Kumaun University, India. She has published over 100 research papers and two books with various reputed national and international publishers.

• List of Editors xiiiList of Contributors xvPreface xix1 Land Degradation and Restoration: Implication and Management Perspective 1Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Sharad Nema and Kiran Bargali1.1 Introduction 21.2 Land Degradation in Developed and Developing World 31.3 Land Degradation Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 41.4 Land Degradation and Restoration: A Response Framework 61.5 Soil Erosion and Desertification: Problems and Challenges 61.6 Forest Degradation 71.7 Land Restoration 81.8 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Land through Afforestation Activities 81.9 Achieving Land Degradation Neutral (LDN) through Sustainable Land Use Management (SLM) 101.10 Sustainable Soil/Land Management: Challenge and Opportunities 141.11 Policy and Roadmap For Land Management and Sustainability 141.12 Conclusion 15References 152 Land Resources and Its Degradation in Asia: Its Control and Management 23Liliwirianis N., Nurun Nadhirah Md. Isa and Mohd Nazip Suratman2.1 Introduction 242.2 Types of Land Resources 252.3 Causes of Land Resources Degradation 262.3.1 Urbanization 262.3.2 Deforestation 272.3.3 Land Clearing 292.3.4 Security of Access 292.3.5 Overgrazing and Overharvesting 292.3.6 Pollution 302.3.7 Quarrying of Stone, Sand, Ore, and Minerals 302.3.8 Climate Change 302.3.9 Agricultural 312.4 Major Threats, Implications, and Effects 312.4.1 Economy 312.4.2 Food Sources 322.4.3 Loss of Biodiversity 322.5 Management of Land Resources 332.5.1 Management of Deforestation 332.5.2 Agricultural Intensification Management 352.5.3 Management of Overgrazing 352.5.4 Management of Irrigation 362.5.5 Management of Mining 362.5.6 Management of Inventory Data 362.6 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap against Land Degradation 372.7 Conclusion 39References 393 Deforestation Activities in Ezekoro Forest: Implications for Climate Change Risks in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria 47Joe-Ikechebelu Ngozi Nneka, Akanwa Angela Oyilieze, Akanwa Chimezie David, Okafor Kenebechukwu Jane, Dike Keyna, Idakwo Victor Iko-Ojo, Omoruyi Fredrick Aideniosa, Nkwocha Kelechi Friday, Enwereuzo, Angela Chinelo, Umeh, Uche Marian, Ogbuehi, Emmanuel Okwudili and Agu, Helen Obioma3.1 Introduction 493.2 Concept of Environmental Justice and Indiscriminate Deforestation/Tree Loss 513.3 Study Area 533.4 Materials and Method 563.5 Results and Discussion 593.5.1 Sample Characteristics 593.5.2 Discussion 633.6 Conclusion 69References 704 Land Degradation and Its Impacts on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 77Pawan Ekka, Subhashree Patra, Manjari Upreti, Gajendra Kumar, Amit Kumar and Purabi Saikia4.1 Introduction 784.2 Land Degradation: Causes and Consequences 794.3 Land Degradation and Major Environmental Challenges 844.4 Restoration of Degraded Land 854.5 Sustainable Land Management 874.6 Recommendation and Future Research Prospects 904.7 Conclusions 90References 915 The Vulnerability of Forest Resources to Climate Change 103Faezah Pardi, Hasya Hannani Ruziman and Mohd Nazip Suratman5.1 Introduction 1045.2 Causes of Climate Change 1055.2.1 Land-Use Change 1055.2.2 Deforestation 1065.2.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 1085.2.4 Urbanization 1095.2.5 Emissions of Pollutants 1105.2.6 Agriculture 1115.3 Climate Change Affecting Forest Ecosystems 1125.4 The Migration of Tree Species 1145.5 The Replacement of Native Species by Exotic Species 1175.6 The Economic Loss in the Forest Products Industry 1185.7 Policy Strategies and Future Roadmap against Forest Vulnerability to Climate Change 1195.8 Conclusion 122References 1236 Impact of Continuous Cover Forestry on Forest Systems 133Ana Cristina Gonçalves6.1 Introduction 1336.2 Continuous Cover Forestry 1366.3 Forest Management under Continuous Cover Forestry 1436.4 Challenges and Future Outlook of Continuous Cover Forestry 1486.5 Conclusions 150Funding 151References 1517 Forest Landscape Restoration for Environmental Management 161Nur Nadiah Md Yusof, Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta, Siti Hasnah Kamarudin, Norashirene Mohamad Jamil, Siti Nurbaya Supardan and Mohd Nazip Suratman7.1 Introduction 1627.2 Forest Landscape Restoration 1647.3 Types of FLR 1657.3.1 Forest Land 1657.3.2 Agricultural Land 1667.4 Benefits of FLR on the Environment/Ecosystem 1677.4.1 Healthy, Resilient and Productive Ecosystems 1687.4.2 Improved Sustainable Provision of Ecosystem Services 1697.4.3 Biodiversity Conservation 1697.4.4 Global and Local Climate Resilience 1707.5 FLR Partnerships 1707.6 Techniques and Tools in FLR 1717.7 Implementation of FLR 1807.7.1 Visioning 1807.7.2 Conceptualizing 1827.7.3 Acting 1837.7.4 Sustaining 1847.8 Forest Landscape Assessment 1857.9 Conclusion 186References 1868 Ecological Restoration of Degraded Land through Afforestation Activities 201P. R. Oraon, Vidya Sagar and Kumari Beauty8.1 Introduction 2028.2 Concept of Ecological Restoration 2038.3 Global Scenario of Land Degradation 2038.4 Perspective of Land Degradation 2048.5 Land Degradation under Changing Climate 2068.6 Afforestation for Climate Change Mitigation 2078.7 Afforestation for Problematic Soil and Land Management 2088.7.1 Saline-Alkaline Soils 2088.7.2 Afforestation in Waterlogged/Marshy Land 2098.7.3 Afforestation in Mined-Out Areas 2098.7.4 Afforestation in Coastal and Sandy Areas 2108.8 Policy Initiative in Land Degradation and Afforestation 2108.9 Conclusion 211References 2129 Sustaino-Resilient Agroforestry for Climate Resilience, Food Security and Land Degradation Neutrality 217Dinesha S., Suraj R. Hosur, Toushif P. K., Divya Bodiga, Deepthi Dechamma N. L., Ashwath M. N. and Devbratha Pradhan9.1 Introduction 2189.2 Is Agroforestry a Sustaino-Resilient Model? 2199.2.1 Components of AF 2209.2.1.1 Perennials 2209.2.1.2 Crops 2219.2.1.3 Livestock 2219.2.2 Sustaino-Resilient Agroforestry Practices 2219.2.2.1 Integrated Agroforestry Systems 2229.2.2.2 Organic-Agroforestry 2249.2.2.3 Natural Farming–Assisted Agroforestry 2259.2.2.4 Perma-Agroforestry 2259.2.2.5 Precision-Agroforestry 2269.2.2.6 Horticulture Intervention in Agroforestry 2269.2.2.7 Bamboo-Based Agroforestry 2279.2.2.8 Medicinal Perennials Intervention in Agroforestry 2279.2.2.9 Industrialized Agroforestry 2289.2.3 Improved vs. Traditional Agroforestry Practices 2289.3 Agroforestry for Climate Resilience 2299.3.1 World Context 2309.3.2 Indian Context 2309.4 Agroforestry for Food Security 2319.4.1 World Context 2319.4.2 Indian Context 2359.5 Agroforestry for Land Degradation Neutrality 2359.5.1 World Context 2369.5.2 Indian Context 2369.6 The Way Forward 2379.7 Conclusion 238Acknowledgement 238References 23810 Land and Environmental Management through Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) System 247Kamlesh Verma, Prashant Sharma, D.R. Bhardwaj, Raj Kumar, Nasam Midhun Kumar and Alok Kumar Singh10.1 Introduction 24810.2 AFOLU and Climate Change 24910.2.1 Trend of GHGs Emission from Agriculture 24910.2.2 Trend of GHGs Emission from Forestry and Other Land Use System 25110.3 Role of AFOLU in Land and Environment Management 25210.3.1 Agriculture Sector 25410.3.2 Forestry and Other Land Use 25610.4 Co-Benefit from AFOLU 25810.5 Challenges 25910.6 Opportunities: the Way Forward and Future Perspective 26110.7 Conclusion 262References 26211 Eco-Restoration of Degraded Forest Ecosystems for Sustainable Development 273Bhimappa Honnappa Kittur, Abhishek Raj, Anup P. Upadhyay, Manoj Kumar Jhariya and Arnab Banerjee11.1 Introduction 27411.2 Forest Cover and Degradation 27411.3 Indicators of Forest Degradation 27611.4 Criteria for Assessment of Forest Degradation 27711.5 Forest Ecosystem Restoration 27711.6 The Restoration Indicators 27911.6.1 Social and Economic Context 27911.6.2 Ecological Context 28011.6.3 Silvicultural Context 28011.7 Restoration through SFM and Afforestation 28111.8 Forest Resilience 28111.9 Forest Recovery 28211.10 Policy and Future Roadmap 28611.11 Conclusion 286References 28612 Forest for Sustainable Development 293Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Bharat Lal, Taher Mechergui, Annpurna Devi and Ghanshyam12.1 Introduction 29412.2 World Forest: An Overview 29512.3 Forest under Changing Climate 29612.4 Forest for Ecosystem Services 29712.5 Forest for Soil Management 29912.6 Forest for Food and Nutritional Security 30212.7 Sustainable Development: A Wake-Up Call 30312.8 A Journey from Forest to Sustainable Forest Management 30412.9 Policy and Future Roadmap 30412.10 Conclusions 305References 30513 Unfolding Environmental Repercussions of Land Degradation in the Lone Municipal Council of Andaman, India, Using Geospatial Technologies: A Case Study 313Venkatesan Shiva Shankar, Neelam Purti, Satyakeerthy T. R. and Sunil Jacob13.1 Introduction 31413.2 Study Area at a Glance 31413.2.1 Meteorology 31613.2.2 Physiography 31613.2.3 Geology 31613.2.4 Soil 31613.3 Materials and Methodology 31713.3.1 Materials 31713.3.2 Methodology 31713.3.2.1 Lulc 31813.3.2.2 Surface Runoff 31813.3.2.3 Soil Erosion 31913.3.2.4 Landslide Hazard Zonation 32313.3.2.5 Carbon Storage and Sequestration 32313.3.2.6 Lst 32313.4 Results and Discussion 32413.4.1 Lulc 32413.4.2 Quantification of Surface Runoff 32613.4.3 Quantification of Soil Erosion 32613.4.4 Demarcation of Shallow Landslide Hazard Zonation 32913.4.5 Quantification of Carbon Sequestration 33013.4.6 Quantification of Land Surface Temperature 33013.5 Conclusion 331References 33114 Acacia nilotica: A Promising Species for Soil Sustainability 339Annpurna Devi, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj, Arnab Banerjee, Krishan Pal Singh and Beena Singh14.1 Introduction 34014.2 Habitat, Distribution and Ecology 34114.3 Acacia nilotica–Based Agroforestry 34214.4 Acacia nilotica and Soil Sustainability 34214.5 Acacia and its Role in Soil Carbon Sequestration 34414.6 Acacia nilotica: A Promising N 2 Fixing Tree 34514.7 Acacia: A Promising Tool for Land Restoration 34514.8 Acacia and Its Other Sustainability Roles 34714.9 Policy and Future Roadmap 34814.10 Conclusions 348References 34915 Farmland Evaluation to Stimulate the Rational Land Use and Soil Quality Enhancement: The Ukrainian Case 355Inna Koblianska and Olha Kovalova15.1 Introduction 35615.2 Moratorium on the Sale of Agricultural Land and Its Social, Ecological, and Economic Consequences in Ukraine 35715.3 An Overview of Agriculture in Ukraine 35815.4 Evolution of Monetary Valuation of Agricultural Land in Ukraine and Modern Challenges 36015.5 Conceptual Provisions for the Assessment of Land Resources from the Standpoint of their Multifaceted Nature 36215.6 Development of a Methodology for the Normative Monetary Land Valuation to Stimulate Rational Land Use 36315.7 Conclusion 366References 367About the Editors 371Index 373