Oliver Ayers is a Lecturer in Modern History at the New College of the Humanities in London.

• Introduction 1. The New Deal, the Rise of Organized Labour and National Civil Rights Organizations During the 1930s 2. When "Poems Became Placards": Black Protest in 1930s New York City 3. Civil Rights Activism in Detroit in the Era of Unionization, 1933-1941 4. "Getting a Grand Runaround by Management, Government and the Union": The Shifting Contours of Employment Discrimination in Wartime 5. The March on Washington Movement and National-Level Protest During the Second World War 6. A Tale of Two Committees: Black Protest in Wartime New York City 7. Black Protests Against Employment Discrimination in Wartime Detroit. Conclusion: Civil Rights Activism in the Era of Laboured Protest

Oliver Ayers is a Lecturer in Modern History at the New College of the Humanities in London.

• Introduction 1. The New Deal, the Rise of Organized Labour and National Civil Rights Organizations During the 1930s 2. When "Poems Became Placards": Black Protest in 1930s New York City 3. Civil Rights Activism in Detroit in the Era of Unionization, 1933-1941 4. "Getting a Grand Runaround by Management, Government and the Union": The Shifting Contours of Employment Discrimination in Wartime 5. The March on Washington Movement and National-Level Protest During the Second World War 6. A Tale of Two Committees: Black Protest in Wartime New York City 7. Black Protests Against Employment Discrimination in Wartime Detroit. Conclusion: Civil Rights Activism in the Era of Laboured Protest

Oliver Ayers is a Lecturer in Modern History at the New College of the Humanities in London.

• Introduction 1. The New Deal, the Rise of Organized Labour and National Civil Rights Organizations During the 1930s 2. When "Poems Became Placards": Black Protest in 1930s New York City 3. Civil Rights Activism in Detroit in the Era of Unionization, 1933-1941 4. "Getting a Grand Runaround by Management, Government and the Union": The Shifting Contours of Employment Discrimination in Wartime 5. The March on Washington Movement and National-Level Protest During the Second World War 6. A Tale of Two Committees: Black Protest in Wartime New York City 7. Black Protests Against Employment Discrimination in Wartime Detroit. Conclusion: Civil Rights Activism in the Era of Laboured Protest