Matthew T. Apple is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at Ritsumeikan University, Japan. His research interests include individual differences in SLA, intercultural communication and educational statistics. Together with Dexter Da Silva and Terry Fellner, he is co-editor of Language Learning Motivation in Japan (2013, Multilingual Matters).Dexter Da Silva is Professor in the Department of Psychology and Horticulture at Keisen University, Japan. His research interests include student motivation, identity development and trust and classroom dynamics.Terry Fellner is Associate Professor in the Center for General Education at Saga University, Japan. His research interests include vocabulary acquisition, outdoor language learning and L2 reading.