Paul J.J.M. Bakker (Ph.D. 1999) is Professor of Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy at Radboud University. His research focuses on the commentary tradition on Aristotle's works on natural philosophy, from the late Middle Ages to the seventeenth century.Michiel Streijger (Ph.D. 2008) is a researcher at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich. He is working on an edition of book II of Robert Cowton's commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard.Edith D. Sylla (Ph.D. 1971) is Professor Emerita at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, North Carolina). She works on the history of mathematics, physics, and their interrelations from the late Middle Ages to the early eighteenth century.Johannes M.M.H. Thijssen (Ph.D. 1988) is Professor of History of Philosophy at Radboud University.

• Preface xiJohannes M.M.H. ThijssenIntroduction xiiiJohannes M.M.H. ThijssenGuide to the Text xliiiEdith D. Sylla1 Introduction xliii1.1 The Sources of Buridan’s Question Statements lxvii1.2 Authors of Questions on Books I and II of the Physics Related to Buridan’s Questions lxx2 The Questions on Book I lxxvii2.1 Questions I.1–3 lxxvii2.2 Physics, I, 1: Questions I.4–I.7 lxxxvi2.3 Physics, I, 2: Questions I.8–I.10 c2.4 Physics, I, 4: Questions I.11–I.13 cxiii2.5 Physics, I, 4–6: Questions I.14–16 cxvi2.6 Questions I.17–I.19 cxx2.7 Physics, I, 9: Questions I.20–I.24 cxxviii3 The Questions on Book II cxxxvii3.1 Preliminaries and Physics, II, 1: Questions II.1–II.4 cxxxviii3.2 Question II.5 cliii3.3 Physics, II, 2: Question II.6 clvi3.4 Physics, II, 3: Questions II.7–II.8 clxii3.5 Physics, II, 4–6: Questions II.9–II.12 clxvii3.6 Question II.13 clxxivBibliography clxxviIohannis Buridani Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum Aristotelis (secundum ultimam lecturam) Libri I–IIConspectus siglorum et compendiorum 2Liber IPrologus 3Tabula quaestionum primi libri Physicorum 4I.1. Utrum scientia naturalis sit scientia de omnibus rebus 8I.2. Utrum totalis scientiae naturalis debeat assignari subiectum unum proprium 14I.3. Utrum ens mobile sit subiectum proprium totalis scientiae naturalis vel quid aliud 22I.4. Utrum in omni scientia ex cognitione principiorum, causarum et elementorum contingat alia scire et intelligere, scilicet principiata, causata et elementata 30I.5. Utrum ad perfecte sciendum aliquem effectum oporteat scire omnes causas eius 48I.6. Utrum sint eadem notiora nobis et naturae 55I.7. Utrum universalia sint nobis notiora singularibus 59I.8. Utrum omnis res extensive et situaliter habens partem extra partem sit magnitudo 79I.9. Utrum totum sit suae partes 93I.10. Utrum Socrates sit hodie idem quod ipse fuit heri, posito quod hodie additum est sibi aliquid ex nutrimento et conversum in eius substantiam, vel posito quod hodie est aliqua pars ab eo remota, ut si sibi amputata est manus 107I.11. Utrum infinitum secundum quod infinitum sit ignotum 112I.12. Utrum omnia entia naturalia sint determinata ad maximum 118I.13. Utrum entia naturalia determinata sint ad minimum 137I.14. Utrum cuiuslibet transmutationis naturalis principia intrinseca sint contraria 143I.15. Utrum necesse sit omne quod fit fieri ex subiecto praesupposito 151I.16. Utrum sint tria principia rerum naturalium, non plura nec pauciora 161I.17. Utrum generatio substantialis sit forma substantialis vel materia vel compositum vel aliquod accidens eis additum 169I.18. Utrum generare sit generans vel generatio vel quid aliud 174I.19. Utrum illud quod in generatione substantiali generatur sit materia vel forma vel compositum 196I.20. Utrum materia prima sit ens 201I.21. Utrum forma, antequam generetur, habeat aliquod esse substantiale in materia distinctum ab ipsa materia 210I.22. Utrum materia sit potentia ad formam generandam 217I.23. Utrum privatio sit materia privata 225I.24. Utrum materia appetat formam 231Liber IITabula quaestionum secundi libri Physicorum 241II.1. Utrum res artificiales sint distinctae a rebus naturalibus 243II.2. Utrum ista differentia quam assignat Aristoteles inter naturalia et artificialia sit conveniens, scilicet quod naturalia inquantum naturalia habent in se ipsis principium sui motus et status, artificialia autem inquantum artificialia nullum habent impetum suae mutationis innatum 249II.3. Utrum figura sit res distincta a re figurata 256II.4. Utrum definitio naturae sit bona qua dicitur: ‘natura est principium et causa movendi et quiescendi eius in quo est primum per se et non secundum accidens’ 264II.5. Utrum in istis substantiis materialibus formae substantiales sint principaliter activae suorum motuum et suarum operationum vel magis qualitativae dispositiones illarum substantiarum 271II.6. Utrum naturalis differat a mathematico per hoc quod naturalis definit per motum et mathematicus sine motu 284II.7. Utrum finis sit causa 294II.8. Utrum pater sit causa filii 302II.9. Utrum definitio fortunae sit bona in qua dicitur: ‘fortuna est causa per accidens secundum propositum extra semper et frequenter eorum quae propter hoc sunt’ 308II.10. Utrum casus et fortuna sint causae agentes 316II.11. Utrum casus et fortuna reperiantur in contingentibus ad utrumlibet vel solum in contingentibus raro vel ut in paucioribus 322II.12. Utrum natura producens monstrum intendat monstrum 330II.13. Utrum in operationibus naturalibus necessitas proveniat ex fine vel ex materia 337 Index locorum 353Index codicum manu scriptorum 358Index nominum 360

"In a superb introduction by Johannes Thijssen and a lengthy and wonderfully edifying study guide by Edith Sylla, close readers will have before them several research questions and projects that could occupy them for years. [...] For students of medieval natural philosophy, the edition will generate further questions and discussions and contribute to a more nuanced picture of fourteenth-century philosophy than that provided by some earlier and still often-cited studies distorted by anachronistic comparisons and by sectarian philosophical or theological agendas. Interested readers surely look forward to the completion of the edition." - André Goddu (Stonehill College), Speculum 92/4 (October 2017), pp. 1164-1166. "The edition reviewed here is a very important contribution to a better, more precise acquaintance, based on textual evidence, with one of the more philosophically lively periods of medieval thought. The various lectiones of the manuscripts and the list of works cited by Buridan, together with the opening “Guide to the Text,” render very significant and effective support to our understanding of an ancient, truly important contribution to the history of science." - Stefano Caroti (University of Parma), Isis, Volume 108, Number 1, March 2017, pp. 179-180.

Paul J.J.M. Bakker (Ph.D. 1999) is Professor of Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy at Radboud University. His research focuses on the commentary tradition on Aristotle's works on natural philosophy, from the late Middle Ages to the seventeenth century.Michiel Streijger (Ph.D. 2008) is a researcher at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich. He is working on an edition of book II of Robert Cowton's commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard.Edith D. Sylla (Ph.D. 1971) is Professor Emerita at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, North Carolina). She works on the history of mathematics, physics, and their interrelations from the late Middle Ages to the early eighteenth century.Johannes M.M.H. Thijssen (Ph.D. 1988) is Professor of History of Philosophy at Radboud University.

• Preface xiJohannes M.M.H. ThijssenIntroduction xiiiJohannes M.M.H. ThijssenGuide to the Text xliiiEdith D. Sylla1 Introduction xliii1.1 The Sources of Buridan’s Question Statements lxvii1.2 Authors of Questions on Books I and II of the Physics Related to Buridan’s Questions lxx2 The Questions on Book I lxxvii2.1 Questions I.1–3 lxxvii2.2 Physics, I, 1: Questions I.4–I.7 lxxxvi2.3 Physics, I, 2: Questions I.8–I.10 c2.4 Physics, I, 4: Questions I.11–I.13 cxiii2.5 Physics, I, 4–6: Questions I.14–16 cxvi2.6 Questions I.17–I.19 cxx2.7 Physics, I, 9: Questions I.20–I.24 cxxviii3 The Questions on Book II cxxxvii3.1 Preliminaries and Physics, II, 1: Questions II.1–II.4 cxxxviii3.2 Question II.5 cliii3.3 Physics, II, 2: Question II.6 clvi3.4 Physics, II, 3: Questions II.7–II.8 clxii3.5 Physics, II, 4–6: Questions II.9–II.12 clxvii3.6 Question II.13 clxxivBibliography clxxviIohannis Buridani Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum Aristotelis (secundum ultimam lecturam) Libri I–IIConspectus siglorum et compendiorum 2Liber IPrologus 3Tabula quaestionum primi libri Physicorum 4I.1. Utrum scientia naturalis sit scientia de omnibus rebus 8I.2. Utrum totalis scientiae naturalis debeat assignari subiectum unum proprium 14I.3. Utrum ens mobile sit subiectum proprium totalis scientiae naturalis vel quid aliud 22I.4. Utrum in omni scientia ex cognitione principiorum, causarum et elementorum contingat alia scire et intelligere, scilicet principiata, causata et elementata 30I.5. Utrum ad perfecte sciendum aliquem effectum oporteat scire omnes causas eius 48I.6. Utrum sint eadem notiora nobis et naturae 55I.7. Utrum universalia sint nobis notiora singularibus 59I.8. Utrum omnis res extensive et situaliter habens partem extra partem sit magnitudo 79I.9. Utrum totum sit suae partes 93I.10. Utrum Socrates sit hodie idem quod ipse fuit heri, posito quod hodie additum est sibi aliquid ex nutrimento et conversum in eius substantiam, vel posito quod hodie est aliqua pars ab eo remota, ut si sibi amputata est manus 107I.11. Utrum infinitum secundum quod infinitum sit ignotum 112I.12. Utrum omnia entia naturalia sint determinata ad maximum 118I.13. Utrum entia naturalia determinata sint ad minimum 137I.14. Utrum cuiuslibet transmutationis naturalis principia intrinseca sint contraria 143I.15. Utrum necesse sit omne quod fit fieri ex subiecto praesupposito 151I.16. Utrum sint tria principia rerum naturalium, non plura nec pauciora 161I.17. Utrum generatio substantialis sit forma substantialis vel materia vel compositum vel aliquod accidens eis additum 169I.18. Utrum generare sit generans vel generatio vel quid aliud 174I.19. Utrum illud quod in generatione substantiali generatur sit materia vel forma vel compositum 196I.20. Utrum materia prima sit ens 201I.21. Utrum forma, antequam generetur, habeat aliquod esse substantiale in materia distinctum ab ipsa materia 210I.22. Utrum materia sit potentia ad formam generandam 217I.23. Utrum privatio sit materia privata 225I.24. Utrum materia appetat formam 231Liber IITabula quaestionum secundi libri Physicorum 241II.1. Utrum res artificiales sint distinctae a rebus naturalibus 243II.2. Utrum ista differentia quam assignat Aristoteles inter naturalia et artificialia sit conveniens, scilicet quod naturalia inquantum naturalia habent in se ipsis principium sui motus et status, artificialia autem inquantum artificialia nullum habent impetum suae mutationis innatum 249II.3. Utrum figura sit res distincta a re figurata 256II.4. Utrum definitio naturae sit bona qua dicitur: ‘natura est principium et causa movendi et quiescendi eius in quo est primum per se et non secundum accidens’ 264II.5. Utrum in istis substantiis materialibus formae substantiales sint principaliter activae suorum motuum et suarum operationum vel magis qualitativae dispositiones illarum substantiarum 271II.6. Utrum naturalis differat a mathematico per hoc quod naturalis definit per motum et mathematicus sine motu 284II.7. Utrum finis sit causa 294II.8. Utrum pater sit causa filii 302II.9. Utrum definitio fortunae sit bona in qua dicitur: ‘fortuna est causa per accidens secundum propositum extra semper et frequenter eorum quae propter hoc sunt’ 308II.10. Utrum casus et fortuna sint causae agentes 316II.11. Utrum casus et fortuna reperiantur in contingentibus ad utrumlibet vel solum in contingentibus raro vel ut in paucioribus 322II.12. Utrum natura producens monstrum intendat monstrum 330II.13. Utrum in operationibus naturalibus necessitas proveniat ex fine vel ex materia 337 Index locorum 353Index codicum manu scriptorum 358Index nominum 360

"In a superb introduction by Johannes Thijssen and a lengthy and wonderfully edifying study guide by Edith Sylla, close readers will have before them several research questions and projects that could occupy them for years. [...] For students of medieval natural philosophy, the edition will generate further questions and discussions and contribute to a more nuanced picture of fourteenth-century philosophy than that provided by some earlier and still often-cited studies distorted by anachronistic comparisons and by sectarian philosophical or theological agendas. Interested readers surely look forward to the completion of the edition." - André Goddu (Stonehill College), Speculum 92/4 (October 2017), pp. 1164-1166. "The edition reviewed here is a very important contribution to a better, more precise acquaintance, based on textual evidence, with one of the more philosophically lively periods of medieval thought. The various lectiones of the manuscripts and the list of works cited by Buridan, together with the opening “Guide to the Text,” render very significant and effective support to our understanding of an ancient, truly important contribution to the history of science." - Stefano Caroti (University of Parma), Isis, Volume 108, Number 1, March 2017, pp. 179-180.

Paul J.J.M. Bakker (Ph.D. 1999) is Professor of Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy at Radboud University. His research focuses on the commentary tradition on Aristotle's works on natural philosophy, from the late Middle Ages to the seventeenth century.Michiel Streijger (Ph.D. 2008) is a researcher at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Munich. He is working on an edition of book II of Robert Cowton's commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard.Edith D. Sylla (Ph.D. 1971) is Professor Emerita at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, North Carolina). She works on the history of mathematics, physics, and their interrelations from the late Middle Ages to the early eighteenth century.Johannes M.M.H. Thijssen (Ph.D. 1988) is Professor of History of Philosophy at Radboud University.

• Preface xiJohannes M.M.H. ThijssenIntroduction xiiiJohannes M.M.H. ThijssenGuide to the Text xliiiEdith D. Sylla1 Introduction xliii1.1 The Sources of Buridan’s Question Statements lxvii1.2 Authors of Questions on Books I and II of the Physics Related to Buridan’s Questions lxx2 The Questions on Book I lxxvii2.1 Questions I.1–3 lxxvii2.2 Physics, I, 1: Questions I.4–I.7 lxxxvi2.3 Physics, I, 2: Questions I.8–I.10 c2.4 Physics, I, 4: Questions I.11–I.13 cxiii2.5 Physics, I, 4–6: Questions I.14–16 cxvi2.6 Questions I.17–I.19 cxx2.7 Physics, I, 9: Questions I.20–I.24 cxxviii3 The Questions on Book II cxxxvii3.1 Preliminaries and Physics, II, 1: Questions II.1–II.4 cxxxviii3.2 Question II.5 cliii3.3 Physics, II, 2: Question II.6 clvi3.4 Physics, II, 3: Questions II.7–II.8 clxii3.5 Physics, II, 4–6: Questions II.9–II.12 clxvii3.6 Question II.13 clxxivBibliography clxxviIohannis Buridani Quaestiones super octo libros Physicorum Aristotelis (secundum ultimam lecturam) Libri I–IIConspectus siglorum et compendiorum 2Liber IPrologus 3Tabula quaestionum primi libri Physicorum 4I.1. Utrum scientia naturalis sit scientia de omnibus rebus 8I.2. Utrum totalis scientiae naturalis debeat assignari subiectum unum proprium 14I.3. Utrum ens mobile sit subiectum proprium totalis scientiae naturalis vel quid aliud 22I.4. Utrum in omni scientia ex cognitione principiorum, causarum et elementorum contingat alia scire et intelligere, scilicet principiata, causata et elementata 30I.5. Utrum ad perfecte sciendum aliquem effectum oporteat scire omnes causas eius 48I.6. Utrum sint eadem notiora nobis et naturae 55I.7. Utrum universalia sint nobis notiora singularibus 59I.8. Utrum omnis res extensive et situaliter habens partem extra partem sit magnitudo 79I.9. Utrum totum sit suae partes 93I.10. Utrum Socrates sit hodie idem quod ipse fuit heri, posito quod hodie additum est sibi aliquid ex nutrimento et conversum in eius substantiam, vel posito quod hodie est aliqua pars ab eo remota, ut si sibi amputata est manus 107I.11. Utrum infinitum secundum quod infinitum sit ignotum 112I.12. Utrum omnia entia naturalia sint determinata ad maximum 118I.13. Utrum entia naturalia determinata sint ad minimum 137I.14. Utrum cuiuslibet transmutationis naturalis principia intrinseca sint contraria 143I.15. Utrum necesse sit omne quod fit fieri ex subiecto praesupposito 151I.16. Utrum sint tria principia rerum naturalium, non plura nec pauciora 161I.17. Utrum generatio substantialis sit forma substantialis vel materia vel compositum vel aliquod accidens eis additum 169I.18. Utrum generare sit generans vel generatio vel quid aliud 174I.19. Utrum illud quod in generatione substantiali generatur sit materia vel forma vel compositum 196I.20. Utrum materia prima sit ens 201I.21. Utrum forma, antequam generetur, habeat aliquod esse substantiale in materia distinctum ab ipsa materia 210I.22. Utrum materia sit potentia ad formam generandam 217I.23. Utrum privatio sit materia privata 225I.24. Utrum materia appetat formam 231Liber IITabula quaestionum secundi libri Physicorum 241II.1. Utrum res artificiales sint distinctae a rebus naturalibus 243II.2. Utrum ista differentia quam assignat Aristoteles inter naturalia et artificialia sit conveniens, scilicet quod naturalia inquantum naturalia habent in se ipsis principium sui motus et status, artificialia autem inquantum artificialia nullum habent impetum suae mutationis innatum 249II.3. Utrum figura sit res distincta a re figurata 256II.4. Utrum definitio naturae sit bona qua dicitur: ‘natura est principium et causa movendi et quiescendi eius in quo est primum per se et non secundum accidens’ 264II.5. Utrum in istis substantiis materialibus formae substantiales sint principaliter activae suorum motuum et suarum operationum vel magis qualitativae dispositiones illarum substantiarum 271II.6. Utrum naturalis differat a mathematico per hoc quod naturalis definit per motum et mathematicus sine motu 284II.7. Utrum finis sit causa 294II.8. Utrum pater sit causa filii 302II.9. Utrum definitio fortunae sit bona in qua dicitur: ‘fortuna est causa per accidens secundum propositum extra semper et frequenter eorum quae propter hoc sunt’ 308II.10. Utrum casus et fortuna sint causae agentes 316II.11. Utrum casus et fortuna reperiantur in contingentibus ad utrumlibet vel solum in contingentibus raro vel ut in paucioribus 322II.12. Utrum natura producens monstrum intendat monstrum 330II.13. Utrum in operationibus naturalibus necessitas proveniat ex fine vel ex materia 337 Index locorum 353Index codicum manu scriptorum 358Index nominum 360

"In a superb introduction by Johannes Thijssen and a lengthy and wonderfully edifying study guide by Edith Sylla, close readers will have before them several research questions and projects that could occupy them for years. [...] For students of medieval natural philosophy, the edition will generate further questions and discussions and contribute to a more nuanced picture of fourteenth-century philosophy than that provided by some earlier and still often-cited studies distorted by anachronistic comparisons and by sectarian philosophical or theological agendas. Interested readers surely look forward to the completion of the edition." - André Goddu (Stonehill College), Speculum 92/4 (October 2017), pp. 1164-1166. "The edition reviewed here is a very important contribution to a better, more precise acquaintance, based on textual evidence, with one of the more philosophically lively periods of medieval thought. The various lectiones of the manuscripts and the list of works cited by Buridan, together with the opening “Guide to the Text,” render very significant and effective support to our understanding of an ancient, truly important contribution to the history of science." - Stefano Caroti (University of Parma), Isis, Volume 108, Number 1, March 2017, pp. 179-180.