SHIGEKI SAKAKIBARA is Professor of Finance, Kobe University, Japan. He has been a visiting scholar at the Graduate School of Management, UCLA.HIDETOSHI YAMAJI is Associaate Professor of Finance and Accounting at the Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration, Kobe University. He has been a visiting scholar at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.HISAKATSU SAKURAI is Associate Professor of Accounting, Kobe University.KENGO SHIROSHITA is Associate Professor of Finance at the Hiroshima University of Economics, Japan.SHIMON FUKUDA is Associate Professor of Finance at the Yamaguchi University, Japan.